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Neurolinguistics and Bilingualism - Coggle Diagram
Neurolinguistics and Bilingualism
What is Neurolinguistics?
study of brain structures in charge of communication and language learning [2]
originally very theoretical because of inability to actually see what was going on up there, but new advancements in neuroimaging have made this much easier [1]
subfields are Phonetics (study of speech sounds), Phonology (study of sound organization into language), Morphology/Lexicology (mental storage of words), Syntax (sentence structure), and Semantics (how all these sounds create meaning) [2]
Sources
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736376/
Wong, Becky; et al. (2016) "Neurolinguistics: Structure, Function, and Connectivity in the Bilingual Brain" [1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolinguistics
[2]
https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/12458/JongmanJCN15.pdf;jsessionid=B7B1C0B1AD6998842B58E0D79167162C?sequence=1
Wang Yue; Joan A. Sereno; Allard Jongman; and Joy Hirsch (2003). "fMRI evidence for cortical modification during learning of Mandarin lexical tone" (PDF). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 15 (7): 1019–1027 [3]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572210/
Rogalsky, Corianne; Matchin, William; Hickok, Gregory (2008). "Broca's Area, Sentence Comprehension, and Working Memory: An fMRI Study" [4]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27894901/
Jasinska, K K; Berens, M S; Kovelman I; Pettito L A (2016). "Bilingualism yields language-specific plasticity in left hemisphere's circuitry for learning to read in young children" [5]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23973007/
Buchweitz, Augusto; Prat Chantel (2013). "The bilingual brain: flexibility and control in the human cortex" [8]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17592959/
Hernandez, Arturo E; Li, Ping (2007). "Age of acquisition: its neural and computational mechanisms" [7]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7262573/
Goksan, Sezgi; et al (2020). "Early childhood bilingualism: effects on brain structure and function" [6]
New findings in Multilingualism and Brain Structure
language learning modifies brain, makes it more flexible and stronger [3]
affects Broca's area specifically, which controls language learning, although scientists are not quite sure how [2] [4]
also affects left hemisphere of the brain
MRI's and other imaging resources used to see into the inner workings of the brain
Increased brain function, control, and flexibility [5] [6] [8] with some language specific increases [5] [6]
the younger the person is when they learn the language(s) the faster they are able to learn and the stronger the effects are [7]
What does this mean?/Why does it matter?
knowing different languages makes your brain work better, and makes your brain stronger (particularly if you're younger but also just in general)
this is why we take two years of a language in high school as a requirement to graduate
but if we learned languages sooner rather than later (starting in early elementary school?) then these effects would be more pronounced and we'd be more proficient in the languages