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History USA, Civil rights, New era of civil rights, Other protest…

- - - - The executives run the country. It is lead by the president who is advised by a vice-president and a cabinet. Government policies are carried out by secretaries which are chosen by the president.
    - - New laws are made by Congress, which is made up of the house of representatives and the senate. Senate- Upper chamber of the US Congress which constitutes the legislature of the United States House of representatives- lower chamber of Congress and with the senate make laws
    - - The supreme court and other federal courts make sure that the laws are passed, constitutional and clear. Judges are chosen by the president and vice president and members of Congress are voted by the people and makes it harder for the president to pass laws.
- - - - Verbal and physical harassment white waiting for cars to arrive. Shared cars were frequently arrested. Laws prevented crowds gathering and arrested people waiting for shared cars
      - Local police intimidates the designated pick-up spots and drivers with minor traffic violations
        Montgomery white council organised opposition (12,000). in 1956, King's home was firebombed
        in 1956, 90 people were arrested for organizing an illegal boycott
- - - - Elizabeth Eckford had to walk through an angry white crowd of protesters because she didn't get the message from the NAACP that they were travelling together
- - - - The Kerner report suggested setting up social programmes to deal with these problems.However Nixon became president in 1969 and these were never followed up
- - - - The assassination of JFK:
        
        He was a forward thinking president and his death angered the students. This disillusioned many young Americans and drove them to protest more
      - The influence of MLK (protests seen as inspirational):
        
        Their first experience of protests came from the civil rights campaign.
        
        MLK's peaceful methods were inspirational and had put this past experienced tactic
      - Protest singers inspired students to ask for change:
        
        Singers such as bob Dylan wrote lyrics which vented young peoples frustration about changing the values of the old order
      - The war in Vietnam:
        
        Many students were called up to fight in the war, even though they didn't want to go
        
        Tactics in Vietnam was seen as inhumane ( killing children)
        
        Most students didn't understand why they were fighting in Vietnam
        
        The war was the first to be televised in great detail, this worsened the nature that was shown
      - Universities inspired freedom of thought:
        
        they wanted an end to the Vietnam war
        
        They wanted to have more say in the Universities and education
        
        They wanted Equality
        
        MLK's sit ins influenced people to protest that way
        
        They wanted to know about the war- did not want to be drafted
        
        They wanted to get rid of racism in collages
        
        SDS was known for its activism in the Vietnam war
        
        the Berkely Free speech Movement: in 1964, strikes took place and affected every university and college
- - - - Elanor Roosevelt:set up a commission to investigate women at work. She campaigned for full equality and this shocked her and others
        
        95% managers were men
      - Betty Friedan: wrote 'the feminine mystique' which expressed what a lot of women were thinking, there is more to life than this. she thought that women were unfulfilled, unhappy
        
        she called to reject the idea that the only way for a woman to be happy is to be a mother.
        
        she said women should demand equality
        
        she said that a family should be a shared role
- - - - In 1948 Stalin decided to cut off links between the western sector of Berlin and the outside world. His aim was to force the Allies to hand over their sector of Berlin to the USSR
- - - - Why is this significant? This shows that Kennedy has gained the Protesters support and making them respect and admire him. It also shoes that he wants to change the rights of African Americans and is very outspoken about that. He also uses enforcement of the law, unlike Eisenhower
  - - - Civil rights problem: even with a supreme court rule and enforcement of the law, the students still faces a lot of discrimination, and they could not change that
- - - - What happened:
        
        The freedom riders were met by an angry crowd, led by local Ku Klux Klan leader Wilam Chappell
        
        The crowd attacked the bus; the windows and sides were smashed and the tyres damaged, nobody was arrested for the damage. A police escort lead the bus out of the city but the bus mob followed forcing the bus driver to pull over.
        The mob tried to enter the bus and also tried to roll it over. someone threw a firebomb into the bus. Others held the door shut while the bus was filled with smoke and the fire spread and the anti bus riders left the bus, thinking they could escape an explosion which left the people still left on the bus to leave
- - - - Lynching: when a Mob kills someone without the due process of law
        Black Americans were frequently victims of mob violence, particularly in the southern states
        The police did nothing to stop or punish those involved in lynching.
        White people who were accused of attacking African Americans were usually acquitted by all-white, all-male juries
      - Why were African Americans experiencing discrimination?
        
        Congress and the presidents did not act because they often needed the support of Southern politicians, who were either racist or needed the support of their racist voters
  - - - Racial discrimination was a common feature of everyday life in the USA. In the 1950s black Americans experienced segregation and discrimination in all walks of life, particularly in the southern states
      - Black Americans were subject to what were known as the “Jim Crow” laws. These were laws passed in the southern states at the end of the nineteenth century to segregate blacks from whites in daily life.
      - According to the Us Constitution, all US citizens had the right to vote, but very few African Americans in the South were able to vote in practice. In order to vote, it was necessary to register and most Southern states prevented black people from registering
        
        They deliberately made people pass a difficult literacy test (reading and writing) and since many African Americans had little education, Their literacy levels were low. Many would not try the test because they knew they would fail