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Henry VII, Religion - Coggle Diagram
Henry VII
Consolidating Power
Henry had a very weak claim to the Throne through his Mother's family being illegitimate descendants of John of Gaunt
Henry had been in exile since the age of 14. He was the Lancastrian claimant to the throne due to no others being left
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Coronated before 1st meeting of Parliament- demonstrate his hereditary right over Parliament's sanction
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January 1486, Henry married Elizabeth of York. He deliberately waited to ensure he was ruling in his own right before joining the houses of Lancaster and York
September 1489, Price Arthur born. Important in establishing a Tudor Succession
Rebellions
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Perkin Warbeck Imposture
Claimed to be Richard, Duke of York (better known as one of the Princes in the Tower)
Warbeck started in Ireland in 1491, and then moved to the French Court
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Following a failed invasion of England in 1495, Warbeck fled to Court in Scotland
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Warbeck makes one last attempt to raise a rebellion in Cornwall in 1497, but fails.
Henry imprisons Warbeck for a while, but eventually executes him along with the Earl of Warwick
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1489, The Yorkshire Rebellion. The rebellion was sparked by extraordinary taxation in order to send troops to France
- The Cornish Rebellion. Sparked by extraordinary revenue. The rebels were able to march towards London, and caused such great concern Henry diverted troops from the Scottish border. Though unsuccessful, it did make Henry more cautious in foreign conflicts.
Foreign Policy
France
1492, Treaty of Etaples- Pension paid to Henry and Warbeck loses French support
Brittany
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1489, Henry raised an army against France
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1492, Henry launches a limited invasion of France
Scotland
1495, Warbeck offered hospitality by James IV
1496, Warbeck launches a very small invasion, but swiftly retreats
1497, Henry raises army, but taxation causes the Cornish Rebellion
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1502, Treaty of Perpetual Peace
1503, Princess Margaret Tudor marries James IV
Burgundy
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1490s, Trade embargo + Warbeck in Burgundy
Merchant Adventurers
Based out of London, trading with Antwerp
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Extremely influential as the largest English Trading Organisation, helping Henry in his negotiations with Burgundy
Spain
1489, Treaty of Medina del Campo
1504, Succession struggle in Spain after Isabella's death
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Ireland
1486, Lambert Simnel crowned King of Ireland
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1495, Poynings Law- Irish parliament could pass no law without English approval
1495, Warbeck raises army in Ireland, Poynings is recalled due to expense
Earl of Kildare does not support Warbeck, and authority is restored in Ireland
Tudor Society
Nobility
Control of the Nobility
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Policy of Bonds, binding an individual to perform an action or forfeit a sum of money
Policy of Recognizances, Formal acknowledgement of a debt or other obligation which could be enforced with a financial penalty
Act of Attainder, declaring a Noble guilty of rebelling against a Monarch
Restricted the amount of retainers a Noble was allowed, and Nobles had to have King's permission to retain
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The King was able to create new members of the nobility, and had to replace families when they died out. Henry VII was reluctant to do so, and made relatively few new peers
The Nobles had gained a lot of power from retainers- knights and gentlemen who served the Nobility for administration or military purposes
Gentry
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Often were taking part in the professional jobs, or minor landowners in the period
Churchmen
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Power could vary vastly from lowly curates, up to Archbishops and Cardinals who could hold important political office alongside their religious duties
Henry VII had some powers over who was appointed, and increasingly chose those who were not from nobility to perform religious roles in England
Commoners
'Bourgeoisie' Commoners were usually fulfilling roles such as lawyers in towns, and had some education
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Yeoman farmers, who had relatively large farms of their own
Husbandmen and peasants, who farmed the land of others on small farms
Labourers, who worked seasonal jobs on the land of others
Bastard Feudalism
The name given to the social system at the time of the Tudors by Historians. It refers to the change from feudalism, where loyalty was always directly to the King with a top-down system, to the Nobles having gained in power, thanks to their retainers. As such, many owed their loyalty to Noble families rather than directly to the King
Government
Domestic Policies
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Improving Royal Finances
Crown Lands were important to the ordinary revenue of the Crown. Henry increased money raised from £12,000 per year to £42,000 per year over his reign
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When a feudal Tenant-in-Chief died, the King was owed a charge. in 1489, the Statute of Uses was used to cut out loopholes from the system.
Customs revenue- Parliament granted Henry tonnage and poundage for life. Henry was making £38,000 a year by the end of his reign.
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Henry profited off of justice: fines and income from bonds totalled to £200,000 being promised, though not all collected
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Extraordinary revenue accounted for £400,000 across the entire reign. The taxation did cause potential rebellion
Parliament
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Very few could vote- you had to own property of a certain value, and had to be a man
Only the King could actually call parliament. Henry chose to call it 7 times during his reign, and it was never open for more than a year
Henry used the first Parliaments of his reign to legitimise his rule, and the later ones to grant him extraordinary revenue
Parliament in 1504 did limit Henry's taxation, and had him take an undertaking he would not seek more revenue through Parliament
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The Council
The Council had 3 main purposes: Advise the King, Administer the realm and to make legal judgements
There were 3 main types of Councillor: Nobles, Churchmen and Laymen (Gentry or Lawyers)
No established rules- they could meet whenever, with or without the King, the entire Council did not need to be there
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The Great Council
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A meeting of the House of Lords and Commons. Usually met over issues of war and rebellion. Used to bind the nobility to a policy regarding national security
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The Court
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Royal Household
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The Household was also responsible for the running of the court, looking after courtiers, guests and other hangers-on in Court
Members of the Household had the potential for a lot of power and influence due to their proximity with the King e.g. the Groom of the Stool
The Chamber
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The Lord Chamberlain managed the Chamber, and the other senior household officials also held influence within the Chamber
The Privy Chamber
Following the betrayal of Sir William Stanley, Henry's Lord Chamberlain, Henry created a new, more intimate Chamber
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Changed the nature of the Chamber, making it much more difficult to reach the King, and cut Henry off from the traditional contacts at Court of a King
Economic Development
Agriculture
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Open-Field Husbandry was still used in the East and South East areas of England- though this was being threatened by enclosure
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Improvements in efficiency and a move towards SHeep farming was causing many peasants losing their common rights to land, and being left destitute
Cloth Trade
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During Henry's reign, there was an increase in volume of Cloth traded by 60%
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Cloth Industry
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Usually a Cottage industry for rural employment, supplementing agrarian incomes
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Hanseatic League
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So influential, Henry was concerned that they might support the Hanseatic League
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Navigation acts of 1485 and 1489- tried to encourage English shipping, only partially successful
Industries
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Mining
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1496, first Blast Furnace being used in England
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Small Cottage Industry
Small operations weaving or brewing were important industries, supplementing the income of agrarian workers with very little investment required
Early Exploration
John and Sebastian Cabot
1497, Italian John Cabot sponsored by Henry, discovers Newfoundland and fishing grounds. He dies the following year in a similar exploration
1508, Sebastian Cabot sets sail to find the "North-West passage' to Asia. He is unsuccessful in finding such a route
1499/1500, the first English explorer to lead an expedition to the New World
Ultimately unsuccessful- no new routes found, and the fishing grounds were not used by the English
Exploration had proven very successful for Portugal and Spain, who now dominated the Spice trade. They would both soon have empires in the New World
Religion
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Abuses of the clergy
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Nepotism- the passing of church roles to close family members, rather than the best qualified individual
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Absenteeism- being absent from your parish/diocese and not there to perform the role of a priest, but still collecting money from your role
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Many Monasteries were accused of neglecting duties, breaking vows of celibacy and profiting off their lands
Humanists
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Wanted Priests to be better educated to avoid many of the abuses that were occuring within the clergy
Wanted to remove many of the superstitions from the church- especially surrounding Saints and relics
They had a true belief that superstition and abuses of the clergy were leading souls away from heaven, and that this needed to be fixed to save people
Lollards
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Lollards followed anticlericalism- they criticised the church for many of its abuses and wanted reform
Their views did not take off- partly because they became unpopular with Gentry/Nobles when they became connected with the Peasant Rebellion, partly because it was difficult to spread the views at the time
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