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Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism - Coggle Diagram
Three Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism
The Environmental Dimension
:
Nature Resources
:star: Water :star: Climate :star: Air
The Natural Environment
:star: Mountainous area :star: Seas :star: Rivers & lakes :star: Caves :star: Beaches :star: Natural woodland
The Built Environment
:star: Individual building & structures :star: Villages & townscapes :star: Transport & infrastructure :star: Dams & reservoirs
Wildlife
:star: Land based mammals & reptiles :star: Floras :star: Birds :star: Insects :star: Fish & marine mammals
The Farmed Environment
:star: Agricultural landscapes :star: Man-made forests :star: Fish farms
Major Potential Impacts of Tourism on the Natural Environment
Erosion
:warning: Damage to geological features :warning: Landslides
Natural Resources
:warning: Over-exploitation of biological resources (overfishing) :warning: Depletion of mineral resources
Flora & Fauna Species Composition
:warning: Killing of animals through hunting :warning: Migration of animals :warning: Change in nature due to clearance or planning
Pollution
:warning: Water pollution through discharges of sewage, spillages of oil/petrol :warning: Air pollution from vehicles :warning: Noise pollution from tourist transportation & activities
Visual Impact
:warning: Facilities (buildings, car parks) :warning: Litter :warning: Sewage
The Social Dimension
The focus is the 'host community
The desire to 'protect' host communities from the excesses & negative effects of tourism
To develop more sustainable forms of tourism:
:check: Equity (stakeholders) :check: Equal opportunity (employees & tourists) :check: Ethics (tourism industry, suppliers, host population, tourists) :check: Equal partners (tourists treatment)
The Scope of the Social Dimension of Sustainable Tourism
Destination Government
:black_small_square: Restrictions on tourists :black_small_square: Devoting resources priority to tourism :black_small_square: Promotional activities :black_small_square: Regulation of the tourism industry
Local Tourism Industry
:black_small_square: Human resource issues such as pay, working condition, promotions :black_small_square: Influence with government decision makers :black_small_square: Value for money :black_small_square: Representation of cultures for tourists
Foreign Tour Operators
:black_small_square: Relations with local tourism industry & host community :black_small_square: Exploiting low cost economies to reduce their costs :black_small_square: Images & expectations created by promotional activities :black_small_square: Doing business with destinations with poor human rights records :black_small_square: Lack of long term commitment to local communities
Host Community
:black_small_square: Attitudes & relations with the tourists :black_small_square: Involvement on public sector decision making :black_small_square: Impact of tourism on the society and culture :black_small_square: Strengths & commitment towards conserving the society & culture
The Tourist
:black_small_square: Afford a holiday :black_small_square: Benefits gained from tourism :black_small_square: The need to feel safe & secure :black_small_square: Interaction with fellow tourist & community :black_small_square: Attitudes towards staff
The Potential Impacts of Tourism on Host Cultures & Communities
:star: Heritage :star: Language :star: Religion :star: Traditional arts :star: Traditional lifestyles :star: Values & behavior :star: Host population
Host-guest Relationships
The key to the socio-cultural impacts of tourism is the relationship between host & guests
The relationship between tourists & local people has 5 major features:
:black_circle: Short term. Relationships are superficial :black_circle: Tourists are under pressure due to short time period which make them irritated for any delay :black_circle: Tourist are often segregated from local people :black_circle: Host-tourist relation tend to lack spontaneity :black_circle: Host-guest relations are often unbalanced in nature
These characteristics impose a negative impacts to the concept of sustainable tourism
The Economic Dimension
The Economic Benefits & Costs of Tourism
Benefits
:heavy_check_mark: Job creation :heavy_check_mark:: Injection of income into the local economy through the multiplier effect :heavy_check_mark:: Keep local business viable :heavy_check_mark:: Regeneration of the economies of towns & cities :heavy_check_mark:: Stimulates industrial investment
Costs
:heavy_check_mark: Jobs are low paid/seasonal :heavy_check_mark: Opportunity costs (money invested cannot be used for other purposes) :heavy_check_mark: Congestion :heavy_check_mark: Need to invest in expensive infrastructure :heavy_check_mark: Overdpendence on tourism
The Economic Impacts of Tourism
Leakage
When the private or public sector purchases goods/services from sources outside the community, that money is no longer subject to the multiplier effect & the economic benefits leak out of the community
Depends on the economic background:
High Leakage:
Areas in developing countries with economy based largely on primary production such as agriculture
Low Leakage:
Well-established major tourist destinations in developed countries
The Multiplier Effect in Tourism
Tourists spend for:
:moneybag: Lodging :moneybag: Food :moneybag: Beverages :moneybag: Entertainment :moneybag: Clothing :moneybag: Gifts & souvenirs :moneybag: Personal care/medicines :moneybag: Photography :moneybag: Recreation :moneybag: Tours, sightseeing, guides & local sightseeing :moneybag: Miscellaneous
Ultimate beneficiaries:
:silhouette: Accountants :silhouette: Architects :silhouette: Bakers :silhouette: Carpenters :silhouette: Clothing manufacturers :silhouette: Department store owners :silhouette: Engineers :silhouette: Farmers :silhouette: Gift shop operators :silhouette: Petrol stations :silhouette: Recreation equipment sales/rental :silhouette: Transportation workers :silhouette: Waiter/waitresses
Second round of expenditures:
:moneybag: Wages & salaries :moneybag: Commissions :moneybag: Professional services :moneybag: Purchases of food & beverage supplies :moneybag: Purchase of materials & supplies :moneybag: Advertising, promotion & publicity :moneybag: Utilities :moneybag: Transportation :moneybag: Licenses :moneybag: Rental of facilities & equipment