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Compare and Contrast the impact of the polices of two authoritarian states…
Compare and Contrast the impact of the polices of two authoritarian states on women
Castro policies on Women
Improvements
Promises of equal pay
rise in education + literacy rates
free abortion
Federations of Cuban women (FCW)
improved changing sexists opinions and behaviours
FCW's dominant feature = conservatism
feminine not feminist
Participation in politics = poor
Promises of equal pay = not met
highest paying jobs went to men
damage to women's health
Women earned 15% less than men on the public sector
Differences
Cuban women were provided with more freedoms:
Work
Education
abortins
easy divorce
German women were only prescribed to fully return to domestic work
FCW introduced many more freedoms to women, where as NSF restricted women to only domestic work
Similarities
Great push for women to domestic work
Women 'groups; (NSF and FCW)
Little to no representation in politics
THESIS
Hitler and Castro had more opposing ideas in terms of the role of women and the treatment of women in their authoritarian states. Hitler restricted women more and consistently pushed the need for them to return to domestic work, however Castro allowed women more freedoms surrounding work, education, relationships and birth control.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
"The new woman idealised in a hundred propaganda posters, a contended and competent helpmate for her man, but above all, a model of heroic fecundity"
Richard Overy
showing how nazi society tried to influence the perception of the role of women
Women were presented as 'the mother and helper' but young girls were also portrayed as engaging in healthy physical activities
a woman could do her national service by breeding children
"Whilst Nazi men launched their racially-charged war of conquest in the east, Nazi women were equally busy creating their own domestic Lebensraum in the form of a private retreat from the outside world"
Claudia Koonz
arguing that women actually enthusiastically endorsed the regime
had been keen supporters before 1933 and were happy with the division of life into the male public sphere and the female private sphere
suggests women made war and genocide possible
"Sadly, new attitudes, including those regarding the role of women, the centrality of manual labour and a revolutionary education, generally failed to materialise and the revolutionary vision faded."
Julie Bunck
CASTRO
Hitler policies on women
Nazi Ideals opposed equality for women
'Kinder, kuche, Kirche' (children, kitchen, church)
Hitler believed in seperate spheres for men and women
Women were expected to work and fight for the family
Birth and Marriage policies
Birth control clinics closed and Laws against abortion were enforced
Gave honour cross of the german mothers to women with large families
Maternity benefits and family allowances increased
June 1933 - Interest free loans were given to all young women who gave unemployment to get married
Newlyweds were offered loans and with each child the couple would have to repay a lower % of the loan
'Fountain of Life' Policy (Lebensborn) - Aryan women given as prostitutes for SS officers, State run
11,000 born from this programme
During WW2 the quest for a larger population of genetically pure Germans led to the encouragement of the creation of this programme
Recommended for women to: Give up work, return to domestic work, return to motherhood - for the greater good
Women were allowed to vote but not to be political representatives and judges
Employment
implemented policies to drive women out of the workplace. Women who were well qualified never regained their position and status they had enjoyed under the Wiemar republic.
In June 1933 interest free loans offered to young women who gave up employment to get married
Employers and labour exchanges told to favour men over women. the % of women un paid employment dropped between 1932-1937 from 37% to 31%. The actual numbers increased from about 5 million to 6 million. From 1937-1939 both % and numbers increased 6 million to 7 million. This was due to labour shortages
National Socialist Womanhood (NSF)
backed government measures
fewer places at uni for women