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History Germany 3.1, Consequences of hyperinflation, 1929- 19.., Unit 4,…

- - - - nationalism - germany is the greatest country in the world, germany will not be ordered around by other countries , foreigners are not welcome in the country , the german government should help german people, not foreigenrs
        
        foreigners should be thrown out if they arrived after 1914 and if there's not enough food all foreigners should be thrown out of germany, not paying reparations and rejection of the treaty of versailles
  - - - political intimidation
        
        The SA intimidated members of other political parties such as the SPD and the communists ,politicians might be less willing to speak out against hitler or the nazis
    - - The SA would prevent enemies of the nazis especially the communists from disrupting nazi meetings , this meant that people felt safe to go to the nazi party's meetings
    - - The SAs many marches and rallies showed ordinary german people that the nazis were an organised and disciplined political force. This impressed ordinary voters, and made a positive impression making people more likely to vote for the nazis
    - - As a result the SA grew from 400,000 to over 2 million in early 1933
  - - - nazi organisation
        
        The nazis were extremely organized and disciplined, this meant that they were able to convey policies to a wide range of people whilst at the same time appearing to be contempt and able to run the country
        
        the nazis were present in many cities and towns with many local officers, nazi party member worked effectively to spread messages through propaganda, SA appeared to be strong organisation
    - - Propaganda is information spread to promote a political cause and promote people of a certain point of view
      - Information about what the Nazis believed in and who they blamed for Germany’s dire situation was effectively spread by the Party’s propaganda machine. Hitler put Josef Goebbels in charge of Nazi propaganda.
      - methods of campaign which the nazis used in 1920s include radios , mass rallies ,newspapers,hitler's speeches and posters, The Nazis used simple slogans to introduce their ideas and to make them appeal to the ordinary people of Germany.
      - At the same time goebbels prevented those who opposed nazi ideas from expressing their views - helped ensure only nazi ideas got out to the public.
- - - - The members of the Kapp Putsch were soldiers called Freikorps. They wanted the Kaiser to return to Germany. They attacked the Weimar Government and took over the city of Berlin.
      - The Kapp Putsch lasted for 6 days.
        
        Step 1: Wolfgang Kapp and hundreds of angry soldiers marched into Berlin. These soldiers refused to ‘disband’ (i.e. go home and stop being soldiers, as the Treaty of Versailles had said they should do).
        
        Step 2: President Ebert asked the German Army for help. But von Seeckt, the Head of the Army, refused to do anything about the Kapp Putsch. They regarded the Freikorps, who they had fought with in WW1, as their friends.
        
        Step 3: President Ebert asked the workers of Berlin to help. The workers started a ‘general strike’ (i.e. everyone refused to do any work). This led to all the electricity going off and no trains running.
        
        Step 4: Wolfgang Kapp realised that he could not run the country if all of the workers were against him. So he ran away.
- - - - Territory - Germany lost land, germany lost both her empire, overseas colonies, and a lot of her borders. Parts of west germany also demilitarised so germany couldnt put soldiers there to defend it. Alsace lorraine was given to france, saar coalfields given to france and upper silesia given to poland.
      - reparations - germany had to pay 6.6 billion to allies especially french and belgium
      - Armed forces - Germany was not allowed to keep military forces. 100,000 in army no submarines or aircraft
      - Article 231 - war guilt - germany was forced to accept that she started the war
      - Germany wasn't allowed to join the league of nations.The League of Nations was a peacekeeping organisation set up in 1919. It aimed to sort out arguments between rival countries.
  - - - Germany was treated badly by some of the territorial terms of the Treaty of Versailles. For example, when the people of Upper Silesia voted to remain part of Germany after WW1, the League of Nations decided to divide the region into a Polish section (which Germany lost) and a German section (which Germany kept). By dividing an area where the majority of people had voted to stay part of Germany, it seemed as though Germany was being treated harshly.
      - Germany was unable to afford the reparations. The £6.6 billion demanded under the Treaty of Versailles was way more than Germany could afford. By the time that the Young Plan was signed in 1929, the original £6.6 billion figure had been reduced to £1.85 billion. This suggested that the initial figure had been much too high.
      - By giving some important territory such as saarland which was responsible for coal production and upper silesia. Germany's ability to recover was limited
      - The reduction in the size of the German Army left Germany much too vulnerable. By not allowing any German soldiers in the Rhineland (the Rhineland was demilitarised) and reducing the Germany Army to 100,000 soldiers, this made Germany very vulnerable to attack. This became obvious in January 1923, when France was able to invade the Ruhr areas of Germany without any resistance. This showed how weak Germany had become. Germany could not even defend her own borders. Germany much too vulnerable
- - - - A series of key agreements showed the success of his policy
        
        The dawes plan - The dawes plan 1924 put germany in a much better financial position. The reparations were reduced and the french agreed to remove their army from the ruhr area
        
        The locarno treaty (1925) The second fulfilment. This involved britain france and belgium all agreeing to keep and respect their borders. This was important because it meant germany didnt have to worry about the french invading again.
        
        Germany joins the leaugue of nations (1926) Germany had initially been excluded from the league of nations by the treaty of versailles, but now germany was being allowed to join. Germany now much more involved in negotiations and internationl talks, positive feeling between countries in europe
        
        Kellogg briand pact - This agreement involved 64 countries promising that they would never go to war with each other. They would only use their arms for self defence (1928)
        
        Young plan (1929) Young plan reduced reparation payments even further.
  - - - Yes the weimar recovery was superficial
        
        The system if proportional representation meant that no party ever got a majority in the reichstag
        THe new resident hindenburg disliked the weimar republic and would have preferred to see the kaiser return
        There were 7 different coalition governments in the period 1924-1929. This suggested that the weimar republics government was still weak
      - No, the weimar recovery was genuine
        
        The new president - hindenburg was a popular ww1 general. He helped improve the image and popularity of the weimar republic
        
        There were four different chancellors in the period 1924-1929 some would say this showed greater stability than before.
        Stressmens sucesses meant that many people had a more positive view of poloitians in the weimar republic
        
        Extreme political parties did badly at elections- there were only 12 nazi deputies in the reichstag after the 1928 election. This suggested that people now trusted the weimar republic more than before.
        The nazis had 62% fewer deputies in 1928 compared to 1924
        The spd had 53% more deputies in 1928 compared to 1924
    - - yes the weimar recovery was superficial
        
        The industrial recovery began to slow down after 1927. This reduced how much the government receives in taxes
      - No the weimar recovery was genuine
        
        The economy did develop and expand after 1925. New factories, houses and railways were built. Nearly 3 million new homes were built in 1924 - 2929.
        New stadiums such as the eintracht Frankfurt were built wand opera houses were built. This shows that people were confident in the german economy
- - - - German politicians were unhappy with the way that the kaiser was running germany
      - The US President made it clear that he would not negotiate a peace deal with the Kaiser. He would only negotiate with Germany’s politicians.
      - Germany’s soldiers were very unhappy. There was a mutiny by German sailors, who refused to attack the British Navy.
      - The German people were starving. The Allies were not letting any food into Germany, which meant that there were severe shortages.
      - The German people were increasingly unhappy. Some even blamed the Kaiser for Germany’s defeat in WWI.
- - - - The chancellor - chosen by the president and is in charge of the reichstag and in charge of running the country
      - reichstag - elected every 4 years by the german people
      - The president - elected every 7 years by german people, can make laws under article 48
      - advantages and disadvantages of the weimar constitution
        
        advantages
        
        The system treated people equally, both men and women had the power to vote unlike in many other countries
        
        The system was considered very fair, if a political party received 10% of votes at an election, then theyd get 10% of deputies at the reichstag
        
        disadvantages
        
        powerful enemies- the new constitution was disliked by both the army and the judges. They wanted the kaiser back - older traditional german institutions.
        
        Too much power for the president under article 48 - laws without the reichstag
        
        weak government - proportional representations meant that all governments were based on coalitions which often fell apart due to disagreements. there were 15 coalitions in 15 years. 1918-1933 this also meant short lived chancellors
      - The weimar republic was weak
        
        many germans blamed the weimar republic for germany defeat in ww1 and treaty of versailles
        Political groups on the left wing attempted to take over germany
        French invasion in ruhr 1923 sparked hyperinflation
    - - communists, nazis, centre, socialist
- - - - By August 1923, an egg cost 80 million marks.
      - During August 1923, prices were rising by 400% per day.
      - By November 1923, £1 could be exchanged for 1.68 quadrillion marks (whereas in January 1919, £1 was only worth 35 marks)
    - - The weimar gov helps to support the workers by continuing to pay them, this cost them alot of money. So in order to pay them the government kept printing more money. This meant money was now worth less because there was more of it. Fewer goods and high demand meant that demand for goods outstripped the supply. Prices rose rapidly.
      - Consequences of hyperinflation
        
        Hyperinflation had both good and bad consequences, however for the vast majority of germans it was a complete disaster.
        
        farmers which made up 10% of the population were winners, This was because people continued to buy food, even though the price had gone up. Farmers received even more money for what they produced.
- - - - the weimar government had been forced to sign the treaty of versailles - gov widel blamed for hyperinflation of 1923 so hitler thought ordinary germans were desperate for change so in their desperation hitler hoped they'd support the attack on the weimar government
      - Nazis getting stronger - nazi party had issued 55,00 membership cards, and the sa had 1,500 members by 1923
      - was the munich putsch a success or a failure for the nazis
        
        it was a sucesss
        
        many journalists supported hitler's ideas and wrote positive things about him. Many were impressed with his speaking skills at the trial
        
        the nazis gained alot of publicity from the trial
        
        The nazis got lots of support from hitlers speaches on the court. In the may 1924 elections, despite being banned the nazis got 1.9 million votes
        
        The nazis knew they now had to change tactics and the new tactics worked
        
        it was a failure
        
        Without a leader the nazi party began to fall apart, dif people took over nazis from different areas.
        
        nazis now closely watched by the authorities
        
        how was hitler meant to win votes in election 1924 if he was in prison
- - - - Gangs of edelweiss pirates sometimes beat up members of the hitler youth, gave imp that hitler was unpopular, stooped people joining hitler youth
      - The swing youth attracted lots of followers many young people involved,meant they were actively opposing nazi control , opposing nazi culture meant they were being disrespectful to the nazis
      - Edelweiss pirates created no go areas for hitler youth, hitler youth felt unsafe
    - - ed pirates relatively small only 2000 members across germany, did not pose any threat
      - EDW pirates disorganised and disunited , no national movement , unhappy youths
      - Nazi party did not take much action against pirates which suggests they didn't think they were that threatening
- - - - some of germanys top political leaders became very worried about hitler