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ANAEMIA, GENERAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ANAEMIA, classification of anemias,…

- - - - Increased release of O2 from Hb
        
        Increased blood flow to tissue
        
        Maintenance of blood volume
        
        Redistribution of blood
        flow to maintain cerebral blood supply
- - - - Examine for hepatomegaly, splenomegaly,
        lymphadenopathy and bony tenderness
- - - - a- cytoplasmic maturation defects
        
        deficient haem synthesis:
        iron def anemia
        
        deficient globin synthesis:
        thalassaemic syndromes
        
        b- nuclear maturation defects
        
        vit B12 &/or folic acid deficiency:
        megaloblastic anaemia
        
        c- defect in stem cell proliferation & differenciation
        
        aplastic anaemia
        
        pure red cell aplasia
        
        d- anaemia of chronic disorders
        
        e- bone marrow infiltration
        
        f- congenital anemia
    - - extrinsic (extracorpuscular) red cell abnormalities
      - intrinsic (intracorpuscular) red cell abnormalities
- - - - Tiredness
        
        Easy fatiguability
        
        Generalised muscular weakness
        
        Lethargy
        
        Headache
    - - Symptoms of cardiac failure
        
        Angina pectoris
        
        Intermittent claudication
        
        Confusion
        
        Visual disturbances
  - - - Pallor
        
        Most common characteristic sign
        
        Mucous membranes, conjunctiva, skin
        
        CVS
        
        Hyperdynamic circulation
        
        Tachycardia,
        
        collapsing pulse,
        
        cardiomegaly,
        
        midsystolic flow murmur,
        
        dyspnea on exertion,
        
        congestive heart failure
        
        CNS
        
        Older patients may have the following symptoms
        
        Faintness,
        
        giddiness, drowsiness,
        
        numbness,
        
        tingling sensation of hands and fee
        
        Gastrointestinal
        system
        
        Anorexia ,
        
        flatulence ,
        
        constipation
        
        Nausea,
        
        weight loss
        
        Reproductive
        system
        
        Menstrual disturbances,
        
        amenorrhoea,
        
        menorrhagia
        
        Loss of libido
        
        Renal
        system
        
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