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Twentieth Century Schools of Thought - Coggle Diagram
Twentieth Century Schools of Thought
Germany
Ritter was critiqued for his thoughts on the world, did not include religion in his teachings
Hermann Wagner thought biology needed to play a role in geography
Hetner endorsed geophysical component to geography
Chorology was believed to be the most important because it maintains physical and human geographic properties
Schluter fought for importance of the cultural landscape in contrast to the natural
Landschaftskunde - holistic teaching on relationship between "blood and soil"
Did not focus much on government like France
Scotland
Royal Scottish Geographical Society created in 1884 after geographic fraternity key players wanted to explore cultures more, similar to French discipline of studying people
Disciplinary pluralism is overarching theme of RSGS
Geddes returned to Edinburgh and wanted to stray away from evolutionary thought
Geddes wanted urban reform and to preserve historical integrity. History seems to not be as important in other countries anymore
Geddes's successors made a large impact in Scotland
Dublin school of civics created by Fleur with Geddes
Fleur looked to restore rural Celtic values after a heavy period of war
England
Le Play also focused on regionalism like France
Comte suggested society is a theory of social progress
Geddesian circle created by Patrick Geddes
Had two key players in map-making companies
Geddes wanted to free humans from constraints of "environmental fate" - environmental determinism?
Herbertson's Oxford schools focused on regional environment and humans
Geddes may have gotten his ideas from French philosophy
Fleur took from British geographic categories of people for his research to fight racism
Forde anthropology meshed with French historical geography
France
"Le regionalisme" - critiqued the centralized state
Post Franco-Prussian war and the Third Republic, geography was introduced into schools
Regionalism could advance political interests
Jules Simon thought geography in schools would save the nation's future, needed to focus on local region (similar to US thought)
"genres de vie" - ways of living should be studied
Human geography topic proposed by Durkheim
Vidal de la Blache thought of geography as a scientific study
United States
Sauer was not happy with the state of geography in the 1920s and 1930s
Sauer believed Americans were too focused on only their own soil
Positivism anthropogeography was the main focus
History should still be incorporated into geography teaching
Boas was very against environmental determinism
Sauer promoted German tradition of looking at natural and cultural landscape