peer review - evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field. - экспертная оценка

refers to a contract or clause that’s invalid, non-binding or which has no legal force

Our lease will become null and void in 30 days if we don’t renew it now

back up - to send copied data to a secure location in case the original data is lost or corrupted

Data transfer speeds are measured in bits per second, so the higher the number of bits, the faster your downloads

appendix - extra material or additional content at the end of a book, contract, report etc

arbitration - settlement of a dispute by a person chosen by both parties

condition - anything necessary before the performance of something else

an unforeseeable event such as a flood, earthquake, war etc used as an excuse for not fulfilling a contract agreement

Article 7 of the contract covers termination conditions and force majeure provisions

fulfil / to satisfy a condition; to complete the required task

Any other costs not specified herein are the responsibility of the buyer

The musician known as Prince is hereinafter referred to as "the artist".

in behalf of - in the interests of (person etc); for (person etc); on behalf of

On the one hand she works quickly, but on the other hand she makes mistakes.

As stipulated in the contract, the apartment cannot be sublet to a third party

make redundant - to dismiss because of not being needed - redundancy

maternity leave - period of absence from work (for a woman) when having a baby

dismiss - to remove or discharge from employment; to sack; to fireUS

recruit - to look for and employ personnel or new staff - recruitment

As soon as she was entitled to the old-age pension, Kelly retired. - Как только она получила право на пенсию по старости, Келли вышла на пенсию.

take on - to employ; to hire - I'll let you know the next time we're taking on new staff.

Creating unions gave workers the power to fight for higher wages and better working conditions

bill of lading - list of all goods being sent and shipping instructions; waybill

cargo - goods or products that are being transported or shipped

certificate of origin - a document that shows where goods come from

customs - 1 government tax or duty on imported goods, 2 officials who collect this tax

If customs officials find taxable goods that you haven't declared, you'll have to pay a fine

letter of credit - a letter from a bank authorising a person to draw money from another bank - аккредитив

merchandise / things bought and sold; commodities; wares - also v. - We import a range of merchandise, from clothes to furniture and electrical goods.

pro forma invoice / an invoice or request for payment sent in advance of goods supplied

actuary / a person who calculates risks for insurance companies

assessor - a person who calculates the value of something [eg: a building, car etc]

claim - an application for payment under an insurance policy - to make a claim

comprehensive / [of an insurance policy] all-inclusive; providing more complete protection - Comprehensive car insurance covers damage from things besides accidents, like floods, fire, vandalism, etc.

cover - he protection given by an insurance policy / If you're going to the US, you'll need extra cover for hospital bills

employer's liability - liability or responsibility of a firm for damage caused to one of its employees

goods in transit - property, merchandise or any goods in the process of being transported

insurance broker - agent who arranges insurance; middleman between insurer and policyholder

liability - 1 the state of being liable, 2 anything for which a person is liable

loss adjuster - a person who assesses the amount of compensation arising from a claim - оценщик убытков

policyholder - the person to whom an insurance policy is issued

premium - a payment, usually monthly, yearly etc, for an insurance policy

product liability - liability or responsibility of a firm for damage caused by one of its products

public liability - responsibility of a firm for damage caused to a member of the public

reinsurance - the insuring of risk by one insurance company with another - to reinsure

risk - 1 chance or possibility of injury, loss etc, 2 person or thing causing risk

attorney - a person who acts for or represents another in business or legal matter

court of law - the place where law cases are heard and decided; court - courtroom

defendant - person or organization facing a criminal charge or other legal proceeding - defend - ответчик

evidence - information presented to a court to prove or support a point in question

judge - official with authority to hear and decide cases in a court of law

jury - жюри, присяжные - a group of people chosen to hear the evidence of a case and give a decision

lawyer - a person trained in law and who advises or represents others

plead - present and argue for (a position), especially in court or in another public context.

prosecutor - a lawyer, often a public official, who can file charges and try to prove a defendant's guilt in court - prosecute - прокурор, обвинитель

sentence - 1 decision of a court, esp. as to the punishment, 2 the punishment - also v.

solicitor - 1UK lawyer advising clients and briefing barristers, 2US law officer for a city - юрисконсульт

sue - to start legal action against someone in a court of law - предъявлять иск

sum up - to summarise and review the evidence of a case - summing up - подводить итоги

without prejudice - without detriment or damage to a legal right or claim - без ущерба

• elaboration - the process of developing or presenting a theory, policy, or system in further detail.

be amended and supplemented - быть исправленным и дополненным

the prior written consent - предварительное письменное согласие

In case of discrepancies in the texts, the Russian text shall prevail - В случае расхождений в текстах, текст на русском языке имеет преимущественную силу.

consumer - the person who buys and uses a product or service - to consume v.

Many inputs like labour and materials must be costed before a product's retail price is set.

To succeed over the long term, we have to keep developing new and better products

n. marketing through digital devices such as computers and smart phones; includes TV/radio by some definitions - also e-marketing

We now spend far more on digital marketing than on traditional marketing.

n. the delivering of products to end-users, incl. advertising, storing etc

Has your company ever handled distribution of luxury goods for a top international brand?

the person, customer etc who is the final and actual (or "real") user of a product

If end-users aren't happy with the quality or price, they won't recommend it to their friends.

n. the concept or perception the general public has of a company or product - public image n.

It only took one media story about child labour in a factory overseas to destroy the company's positive image.

n. small piece of paper, cloth etc on a product giving information about it

To find out how much sugar a drink contains, check the nutrition information on the label.

v. to introduce a new product, with publicity etc - product launch n.

If Kim launches a new line of clothing, she invites heaps of celebrities to the product launch.

n. study of consumers' needs & preferences, often for a particular product

We only launch new products if our market research shows high consumer demand.

adj. while connected to the Internet or other computer network - also adv. to shop online

Our online sales are increasing now that more people are shopping online.

n. the wrapping or container for a product

If a product's packaging is made of plastic, environmentally-aware consumers might not buy it.

n. the place where a product is actually sold to the public - point-of-sale adj.

The advertising of cigarettes isn't allowed, even at the point of sale.

n. something made to be sold; merchandise [includes services] - to produce v.

When creating products for teenagers, use cool designs that fit with today's teen culture.

n. creation and maintenance of a good public image - public relations officer n.

When their CEO was caught sending racist e-mails, the company faced a public relations nightmare.

adj. officially recorded or listed (eg. as in "registered trademark" and its symbol ®) - to register v.

Our lawyers have advised that we must register all new products for our own protection.

n. in marketing, the whole product, inc. name, packaging, instructions, reliability, after-sales etc

This is a total product issue and you should raise it with Marketing, not Advertising.

special symbol, design, word etc used to represent a product, brand or company

abbr. Annual General Meeting at which directors of a company or association present their annual report to shareholders or members

abbr. Any Other Business [usually the last item on a meeting's agenda, for raising topics not listed elsewhere]

Add a heading for AOB at the end just in case someone wants to raise something else.

adj. not here; not present [at a meeting, in a class, at work etc]

If someone doesn't come to the meeting, write "absent" next to their name.

n. a written schedule or list of topics for a meeting

The first item on the agenda is to make a brief statement of welcome.

item on an agenda for announcing people who are absent; apologies for absence

The second item is apologies from board members and office holders unable to attend.

n. a type of vote, usually in writing and usually secret- secret ballot n.

If the workers don't get a pay rise, they'll hold a ballot on whether to strike or not.

n. a deciding vote (usually held by the meeting's chair) cast only when votes are otherwise equal

It was a tie, so the chair used her casting vote to decide the matter.

the person who leads or presides at a meeting - also chairperson or chair [often preferred, esp. when referring to a woman]

The chairman ended the meeting by thanking all those who'd attended.

n. formal meeting for discussion, esp. a regular one held by an organisation

At this year's conference, leading scientists will discuss the damaging effects of plastic waste.

n. general agreement

There's a growing consensus among shareholders that the CEO's ten million-dollar performance bonus wasn't justified.

n. a conclusion or resolution to do something - to decide v.

All decisions made at the meeting must be communicated to our members immediately.

a separate point for discussion [as listed on an agenda]

The next item on the agenda is a proposed wage rise for all full-time employees.

n. item on an agenda for discussion of what has happened as a result of the last meeting

The first item is matters arising, beginning with the wage rise proposed at last month's meeting.

n. a written record of everything said at a meeting

You can read the minutes of last month's meeting if you want to know what everyone said.

governments should adopt accrual-based accounting, instead of cash-based accounting.

n. a vote cast by one person for, or in place of, another person who isn't present

How many proxy votes were cast on behalf of absent committee members?

to express an opinion in a group by voice, hand, in writing etc - also n. - to cast a vote v.

Guess how many executives voted in favour of a pay rise for their workers.

illegal traffic in officially controlled commodities such as foreign currency

If you change money on the black market you'll get a better exchange rate, but it's riskier.

a business where currencies of different countries may be exchanged - also currency exchangeUS

Don't use the bureau de change at the airport. The exchange rate's terrible.

cashier - n. person dealing with cash transactions in a bank, store etc

Eurozone countries had their own currencies before they switched to the Euro.

exchange rate n. - the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another - also rate of exchange n.

hard currency n. - currency that will probably not fall in value and is readily accepted

a general increase in prices as a country's currency loses value

If your bank's interest rates are lower than the rate of inflation, your savings will be worth less over time.

money that a lender or bank depositor is paid for the use of their money, often at an agreed monthly or yearly rate

You get more interest from a fixed-term account, but you'll lose the interest if you take money out before the term's up

put money into a business, buy shares or land, etc in order to make a profit investment n.

I'll invest half my savings in the stock market, and put the rest into low-risk government bonds.

currency that cannot legally be refused in payment of a debt

Printed banknotes have only been legal tender in Britain for a couple of hundred years.

a cash fund for small, everyday expenses

If we need some milk or whatever, get the money from petty cash.

currency that will probably fall in value and is not readily accepted

If you're exporting, stipulate payment in a hard currency like the Euro or you might get a soft currency instead.

to make high-risk investments in business, foreign currency, land etc in the hope of quick profits - speculation n.

Hedge funds use investors' money to speculate in the stock market.

a (usually commercial) exchange; any deal involving a buyer and a seller - to transact v.

Selling a house is a complex transaction, so you'll need a real estate lawyer to do the legal work.