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What I learned after mid-term week 3, 61011195 Anutida Thongchawee -…

- - - - Require minimum fluid conductivity of 5 µS/cm
      - Principle
        
        Using Faraday's equation for calculation
        
        Electromagnetic induction
    - - Types
        
        Transit-time flowmeter
        
        For clean fluid
        
        Doppler flowmeter
        
        Can not measure gas flow
        
        For dirty liquid
      - Principle
        
        Transmit high-frequency sound wave into the fluid stream (incident pulse) and analyzing the recieved pulse
    - - Principle
        
        Detect the passing vortics as pressure variations by differential pressure sensor
    - - Types
        
        L2F insertion-style flowmeter
        
        Scintillation opticle flowmeter
        
        L2F opticle flowmeter
      - Principle
        
        Use two laser beams to detect the passage of any light-scattering particles carried along by the moving fluid
    - - Turndown ratio
        
        Equal to maximum measurable flow divided by minimum nonzero measurable flow
      - Rangeability
        
        Equal to maximum possible upper-range value divided by maximum possible lower-range value
      - Principle
        
        Use a free-spinning turbine wheel to measure fluid velocity by magnetic sensor
  - - - Thermal flowmeter
        
        Principle
        
        Using hot-wire anemometer to measure air speed
      - Coriolis flowmeter
        
        Measure fluid density and mass flow rate
        
        Principle
        
        This Coriolis force causes the U-tube assembly to twist
        
        Shake one or more tubes carrying the flowing fluid, then precisely measuring the frequency
        and phase of that shaking by two magnetic displacement sensor
  - - - Rotameter
        
        Float types
        
        Float with pole guide
        
        Float for low pressure drop
        
        BL float
        
        Float with tail guide
        
        Ball float
        
        Meter tube types
        
        Metal
        
        Plastic
        
        Glass
      - Purge-flow regulators
    - - At equilibrium F=ma=mg, the position of the float, piston
        or vane provides a direct visual indication of flow rate
  - - - A cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with every cycle
  - - - Consist of one or more small tubes providing pressure drop,
        which measured by differential pressure transmitter
- - - - Types
        
        Well
        
        Raised well
        
        U-tube
        
        Raised-well inclined (vented)
      - Principle
        
        Measure differential pressure by considering the height of fluid in the two sides of tube
    - - Principle
        
        Convert a fluid pressure into a force, the nature elastric properties of the element
        will produce a motion proportional to the applied pressure
        
        Measure differential and/or absolute pressure in addition to gauge pressure
      - Types
        
        Diaphragm
        
        Bourdon tube
        
        Bellows
    - - Example
        
        Piezoresistive (strain gauge) sensor
      - Principle
        
        Convert fluid pressure into an electrical signal
  - - - Ratiometric
      - Digital output signal
      - Standard analog
      - Digital communication modulated on analog output signal
    - - Thread
        
        Handedness
        
        Design
        
        Gender
      - Seal
        
        Parallel
        
        Tapered male into parallel female
        
        Tapered
      - Diaphragm
        
        Flush
        
        Internal