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Grammar - Coggle Diagram
Grammar
Prepositions
At
good/bad at sth
surprised
at
time / the weekend / night
school / college / work / home / refer to a
building
(cinema)
About
pleased / disappointed / angry
about sth
pleased / disappointed / angry
with sb
worried
about
sb/sth
In
rise / decrease / fall / drop
year / month / part of the day
cities / countries / places
book / newspaper / magazine / movie / TV program
Between
difference
between
Of
disadvantage
/
advantage
of
example of
number of
percentage of
use
of
On
day / date
Nouns & Pronouns
Countable vs Uncountable
Uncountable
abstract
ideas & feelings
school
subjects
terms of composed of
tiny parts
collective
nouns referring to things
food items
minerals
liquids
and
gases
food
, jewelry, makeup, mail, news,
vocabulary
,
fruit
, pollution,
advertising
,
shopping
,
entertainment
, research,
scenery
Cannot use
a number
a few, a couple, many, a number of
Use with some / any /
much
/
little
damage
, permission, work,
progress
,
behavior
,
chaos
, weather,
travel
,
traffic
Countable
cannot
use
singular
countable nouns
alone
Use with some / any /
many
/
few
Singular vs Plural
Plurals
s, z, x, ch, sh,
add
es
consonant + o
, add
es
Pronunciation
voiceless sounds
f, k, p, t, or θ
=>
s
voiced sounds
b, d, g, l, m, n, ŋ, r, ð, v, w,
or any
vowel sound
=>
z
voiceless sounds
s, ks, ∫, t∫
or the voiced sounds
dӡ, ӡ, z
=>
iz
Irregular Plurals
ending change (-
sis
=> -
ses
, -
um
=> -
a
)
no change (deer, species)
Possessive nouns
Multiple possessives
co-ownership,
one 's
separate nouns,
two 's
Possessive Nouns Ending in -s
singular
nouns that end in -s
follow the same rule
as singular noun (class's)
Pronouns
Possessive adjectives
always
followed by a
noun
more
common
than possessive pronouns
Its
can never be a possessive pronoun
Possessive pronouns
never followed
by a
noun
usually
at the
end
of a sentence
after the Be verb
Articles
General
Use
a, an, or Ø
before a
general
noun (can't see, don't know)
a/an
+ singular noun
Ø
+ plural / UC nouns
the
+ noun is followed by
that
and
information
that
describes
it (adjective clause)
to mean
each
or
per
$100
a
day
with
the first noun
in a sentence that begins with
there + be
There is
a car
in the driveway
to say
what kind of thing/person
sth/sb
is
That's
a nice table
to say what one's
job
is
Paul is
a professor
say what
kind
of
thing
or
person
we mean
We stayed at
a very cheap hotel
Specific
Use
the
before a
specific
noun (can see, know)
the
+ there is
only one
the earth, the sun, the moon
the
+
second mention
of the noun
a / an / Ø
Sentence start with
There is / are
+
preposition
e.g. There is
a
dog on
the
sofa.
the
+
oceans, seas, rivers
, mountain
ranges
,
deserts
the
+
musical
instruments
the
+
interventions
the + certain time expressions
in
the
morning / evening / afternoon
the
+
ordinal numbers
and
ranking
words
the
next
time
the
+ name of
museums
/
zoos
/
gardens
the
+
historical period
of time
the
+
police
,
fire department
,
and branches of the
military
the
+
country
adjectives
to describe people
the
+ with
eye, ear, nose
, and
face
,
when hit by a foreign object
nouns that are modified with a
non-restrictive / non-defining adjective clause
(that)
the
- talk about a
type
of
animal
,
machine
...
The giraffe / bicycle
the + adj
- talk about
groups of people
No article
the names of
roads
,
boulevards
,
streets
,
avenues
, and
lanes
the name of
colleges
and
universities
When the name of the school
includes the word “
of
,” use “
the
”
names of
cities
,
countries
, and
states
When the name of the country
includes the word “
of
,” use “
the
”
verb
go
in
certain expressions
go
home
go
downtown
go to
church
go to
jail
go to
school / college / university
individual
lakes, islands, and mountain peaks
languages
and
religions
letters
and
numbers
in a
list
•
Step 6
in the recipe tells you to broil the fish for 10 minutes.
• “
B
” and “
C
” are correct.
• Please do
number 1
, Erika.
names of
diseases
Use
the
with
flu
,
chicken pox,
mumps
, and
measles
with a
general
,
abstract
noun
Love
is a powerful emotion
when
generalizing
in the
plural
People
are generally honest
Gerunds & Infinitives
to + infinitive
learn how, would like, want, seem, refuse, promise, prepare, offer, learn, hope, help, deserve, decide, afford, and ask.
Verb-ing
suggest, recommend, practice, mind, keep, involve, imagine, give up, finish, enjoy, deny, consider, carry on, and avoid.
be used to
be advantages to
be worth
a reason for
rather than
Conditionals
Adjectives & Adverbs
Modals
Simple Verb Tense
Perfect Verb Tense