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Productive Skills - Coggle Diagram
Productive Skills
- Recognising the appropriate moment to get a turn
- Signalling the fact that you want to speak.
- holding the floor while you have your turn.
- Recognising when other speakers are signalling their wish to speak.
- Yielding a turn.
- Signalling the fact that you are listnening.
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Turn taking - speakers should take turns to hold the floor, long silences to be avoided, listen when other speakers are speaking.
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Backchannel device - a means of signalling to your interlocutor that you are listening e.g. 'really?, no!'
Paralinguistics - Gestures (glances away, raising of shoulders, sharp intake of breath).
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Planning time is severaly limited in speech, even if its planned - Spontaneity
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Articulation - Involves the organs of speech to produce sounds (Changes in loudness, pitch
Self-Correction (Self-monitoring) - During the formalation stage this may result in a slowing down or pause or rephrasing of an utterance.
To achieve fluency you need to have some degree of automaticity. Achieved through prefabricated chunks + repeated linking devices "and she said" is another ready made unit used in storytelling.
Fluency - Speed is a factor + pausing in the correct places. Frequent pausing is a sign of a struggling speaker.
Production Strategies - pause fillers (are uh and um), vagueness expressions (sort of, I mean) are also used to fill pauses.
Interaction - Jockeying for conversational turns, introducing new topics and engaging in word play.
Discourse markers - signals conversational intentions of the speaker.
- that reminds me = Continuing the same topic
- by the way = I'm indicating a topic change
- well anyway = I'm returning to the topic
- like I say = I'm repeating what I said before
- yes, but = I'm indicating a difference of opinion
- yes no I know = I'm indicating agreement with a negative idea.
- uh huh = I'm listening
Elliptic - words, phrases, whole clauses are left out because they are redundant.
- High frequency of personal pronouns, especially you and i
- Use of substitute forms as in 'I had to sit there, while everybody else did, where did substitutes for made kedgeree'.
- use of deictic language that is words or expressions that make diectic reference to the context as in this Banana.
Transactional function - convey information and facilitate exchange of goods or services.
Interpersonal function - to establish and maintain social relations.
Adjacency pairs - Questions and answers most common form of pair. e.g. greetings, requests, invitations and offers, compliments, reprimands and apologies.
IRF Exchange - Initiate, Respond, Follow-Up (For longer sequences of paired utterances)
Hedging Strategies - not to threaten one's face, and be less direct.
Politiness markers - such as please or thank you
Tenor - relationship between the speakers such as relative status and familiarity.
Field - What is being talked about?
Mode - How? Face to face?
Register - Formal or Informal?
Tail slots - 3 part division of utterances into a body plus optional head and tail slots e.g. Head, Body, Tail.
Question Tags
Vague Language - reduce assertiveness of statements, can fill pauses
Performance effects - hesitations, repeats, false starts, incomplete utterances, syntactic blends.
Speech conditions - cognitive factors (familiarity with the topic, genre, interlocutors, processing demands)Affective factors - Feelings towards the topic or participants, self consciousness, being put on the spot. Performance factors - Mode: speaking fact to face where you can closely monitor your interlocutors responses and where you can use gesture and eye contact is generally easier than speaking over the telephone.
*- Degree of collaboration
- Discourse control
- Planning and rehearsal time
- Time pressure
- Environmental conditions*