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Type 2 Diabetes, References - Coggle Diagram
Type 2 Diabetes
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Pathogensis
Type 2 diabetes is multifactorial which means that it involves both genes and environmental factors to certain extents
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Before the development of the disease, a decrease in glucose responsiveness will be observed
Impaired glucose intolerance (IGT) is induced and a decrease in insulin after meals will result in hyperglycemia
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A genetic predisposition must exist in order to develop type 2 diabetes, however, very little is known about this genetic predisposition
It has been assumed that the genetic abnormality lies in the molecules related to the regulatory system of glucose metabolism
Known genetic factors include insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 gene poly- morphisms that directly affect insulin signals but also polmorphisms of thrifty genes such as the 3 adrenergic receptor gene and the uncoupling protein (UCP) gene
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Treatments
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oral medications
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sulfonylureas
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some examples include glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase), glipizide (Glucotrol), glimepiride (Amaryl)
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meglitinides
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fast acting, but short duration
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thiazolidinediones
generally not the first choice form of treatment due to the increased risk of heart failure and anemia and also a link to weight gain
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DPP-4 inhibitors
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Some examples include sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), and linagliptin (Tradjenta)
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GLP-1 receptor agonists
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Some examples include Exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon), liraglutide (Victoza), and semaglutide (Ozempic)
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SGLT2 inhibitors
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Some examples may include canagliflozin (Invokana), dapagliflozin (Farxiga), and empagliflozin (Jardiance)
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Diagnostics
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Random Blood Sugar Test
a blood sample showing that your blood sugar is 200 mg/dL or higher suggests the presence of diabetes
Fasting blood sugar test
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If your fasting blood sugar is 126 mg/dL (7mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes
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References
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KAKU, Kohei. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy. Research and Reviews, www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2010_01/041_046.pdf.