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Regional IOs, low integration - Coggle Diagram
Regional IOs
The African Union
seated in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
55 members
Founded in 2002 (constitutive act)
objectives
defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its member states
respect and promote human and peoples' rights
achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African countries and the peoples of Africa
promote sustainable development
predecessor: organization of African Unity (OAU) 1963-2002
AU allows for intervention in extreme cases (e.g. genocide)
Notable change OAU -> AU
primarily intergovernmental: AU is secondary to its members
Assembly (state leaders) dominate decision-making
regionalism
... and security
1) security community: highly integrated form of collective security cooperation (transatlantic security community)
2) collective defense: prevent and/or defend against an external attack (NATO)
intergovernmentalism vs. supranationalism
intergovermentalism: pooling of sovereignty among states
supranationalism: delegation of sovereignty from states to supranational authority
... and the economy
2) customs union (free trade area with common tariff)
3) common/internal market (free movement of goods/services/capital)
1) free trade agreement (lower or abolish tariffs and barriers)
4) economic union (a common/internal market and far reaching cooperation economic/monetary policy)
5) economy and monetary/currency union (common market and common currency)
theories
functionalism: incremental steps towards integration, 'form follows function'
neofunctionalism: interplay between economics ('low politics') and security ('high politics') -> spillover
Federalism: substantive integration steps through treaties; creation of a supranational authority as end-point (more normative)
criticism: limits of applicability: overemphasis on states' willingness to cooperate; limited by specific historical factors as scope conditions (very Eurocentric)
relevance
deeper knowledge about regional specificies
(arguably) shared norms and opinions among members
regional problem-solving vs. individual (state) or global (UN)
overlapping memberships
Association of South East Asian Nations
Later members: Brunei (84), Vietnam (95), Laos, Myanmar (97), Cambodia (99)
objective
regional security and economic development
ASEAN economic community
ASEAN socio-cultural community
ASEAN security committee
Founded in 1967 by Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand
ASEAN Charter
core principles
non-intervention in internal affairs; intergovernmentalism
peaceful dispute resolution
prevention of competing military alliances
common solutions to common problems
current forms of cooperation
ASEAN plus 3 (Japan, China, South Korea)
ASEAN minus X practice
NATO
burdensharing
commitment: 2%
European average: 1,47%
uneuqual sharing burdens and general lowered defense budgets
relationship with Russia
NATO partnership for peace with former Warsaw Pact countries and Russia
2002: NATO-Russia council established (suspended between 2014-16)
NATO membership enlargement (to the east)
2020: Russian disinformation campaigns with fake news about US/NATO labs spreading Covid-19
NATO Treaty
Art. 4: mutual assistance
‘The Parties will consult together whenever, in the opinion of any of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the Parties is threatened.’
example: Turkey 2013
Art. 5: collective defense
an armed attack against one shall be considered an attack against them all
right of individual collective defense
action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force
reported to UN SC
terminated if UN SC "has taken necessary measures"
Art. 7: UN SC primacy
‘This Treaty does not affect, and shall not be interpreted as affecting in any way the rights and obligations under the Charter of the Parties which are members of the United Nations, or the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security.’
preamble: community of values
“The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments.
They are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law.”
Art. 1: diplomacy first
‘The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful means [...], and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.’
Art. 2: economic dimension
‘The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, [...]. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them.’
Art. 3: capacities
‘In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack.’
No NATO collective armed forces
Instead: collective capabilities (e.g. Airborne Warning and Control system
MSs are expected to contribute to NATO
foundation and mandate
1949: North Atlantic Treaty -> NATO
4 March 1947: Treaty of Dunkirk (France and UK) establishing a post-war Western European security arrangement
foudning members: US, UK, Canada, Benelux, France, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Portugal and Italy
NATO budget
joint funding: voluntary contributions to concrete projects
NATO military missions (e.g. Afghanistan, Libya) paid by participating states
common funding: assessed contributions (GDP; defense budgets)
The Council of Europe 1949
Art. 3 Statute
every member must accept the principles of the rule of law and of the enjoyment by all persons within its jurisdiction of human rights and fundamental freedoms
European Convention on Human Rights (1953)
objectives
establish common value system
protection of human rights
prevent another war in Europe
early warning mechanism
The European Court of Human Rights
since mid-80s: significant increase in members and complaints to ECHR, 60000 complaints per year, mostly individual
rules for application
individuals must have exhausted all available domestic remedies in all instances before applying
apply within 6 months after domestic decision
mechanism for individual complaints against member states
substantiated violation
"just satisfaction judgement" -> state must compensate
dilemma's
membership
lack of enforcement: repeated applications
caseload crisis
varying compliance (depending on domestic institutions)
supervision of implementation of court decisions by the CoE Committee of Ministers
court cannot annul or overrule domestic legislation
The Organization of American States
Established in 1948 by the Pact of Bogota
located in Washington DS, 35 MS
OAS charter
Article 2
To prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure pacific settlement of disputes that may arise among MSs
To eradicate extreme poverty
To promote and consolidate representative democracy, with due respect for the principle of non-intervention
To achieve an effective limitation of conventional weapons that will make it possible to devote the largest amount of resources to the economic and social development of the MS
To strengthen peace and security of the continent
Article 3
"An armed attack by any state against an American State shall be considered as an attack against all the American States" (Rio Treaty 1947)
low integration
high integration