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Topic 6: Inheritance, Variation and Evoloution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - All stages of mitosis
      - Then the two daughter cells divide again
      - This produces 4 genetically non-identical daughter cells
      - 23 chromosones in each
      - Produes Haploids
    - - increases the chance of a population surviving in an enviroment by natural selection
    - - HORSE breeding
        
        Faster horses
      - Cow breeding
        
        Higher quality meat
  - - - Binary fission in prokaryotes
      - Extra mitochondria and other subcellular organelles replicate
      - Chromosones replicate
      - Two sets of chromosones pulled to opposite ends of the cell
      - Nucleus then divides into two as well as the cytoplasm and the cell membrane making two genetically identical daughter cells
      - Produces Diploids
- - - - Nucleotides
        
        Sugar with base and phosphate attached
        
        Polymer consisting of two long strands of small units that repeat throughout the structure
        
        Nucleotides that are grouped into 3 are codons
    - - Adenine
      - Thymine
      - Cytosine
      - Guanine
  - - - To learn more about human migration
      - To learn more about inherited diseases and provide effective treatment for them
- - - - Represent the foundation of evolution
  - - - Always represented regardless of the other allele
      - Always represented with a capital letter
      - Only needs one copy present to be expressed e.g Bb
    - - Only represented if the other allele is recessive
      - Represented by lowercase letter
      - Needs two recessive copies to be represented
  - - - Two alleles are different, heterozygous (Bb)
      - Two alleles are same, homozygous (bb/BB)
  - - - Caused by a recessive allele
      - If both parents are non-sufferers, but carry the recessive allele, the children have a 25% chance of developing the disease
      - f is the allele for cystic fibrosis
      - Parents must be heterozygotes as a recessive allele is needed for inheritance
    - - Dominant allele
      - Born with extra toes or fingers
    - - Chorionic villius sampling (CVS)
        
        Transcervical
        
        Cells taken from the placenta and cervix
        
        Transabdominal
        
        Cells taken by going through abdomen
      - Amniocentesis
        
        Foetal cells taken from the amniotic fluid and the DNA tested
      - IVF
        
        Embryonic cells are taken from the embryo and then DNA is tested before implanted into the uterus
- - - - Greatly reduces number of alleles in population meaning that if a change in the environment came, such as a disease, the implications of the disease would affect all the organisms the same
      - Makes farming more efficient therefore more profit in farming industry.
  - - - Insulin gene of a human cell is cutout by an enzyme
      - The plasmid of a bacterial cell is removed and cut open by an enzyme
      - Insulin gene from human cell is spliced into the plasmid of the bacterial cell by enzymes
      - GM bacteria reproduce rapidly by binary fission and all bacteria produce insulin that can be harvested
  - - - Tissue is grown in agar which contains mineral ions and hormones forming a mass known as callus (plant version of embryo)
      - Small tissue sample taken from parent plant
      - Add another mixture of hormones is then used to stimulate growth in cells to form little, identical plantlets
- - - - A species becomes sepearated as a result of geographical isolation e.g earthquake, continental drift etc
      - The two species have different variation or mutations whihc may or may not be suited to their new environment
      - Natural selection occurs; the ones with the most suited genes survive and reproduce, passing them on
      - Over time, two different species evolve
- - - - It went against religious beliefs
      - People had little knowledge about genes and DNA in that age
      - Scientists believed there was little evidence for natural selection