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Chapter 4 Study Notes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Called such a pattern a gestalt
    - - From a Geman word that means "whole" or "form" or "configuration"
      - Believed tht much of perception is shaped by innate factors built into brain
  - - - The part of a pattern that commands attention
      - figure stands out against the ground
    - - The part of a pattern that does not command attention
      - the background
  - - - tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions
    - - tend to group objects together when they are near us
    - - tend to group objects together that share a common motion or destination
    - - most general Gestalt principle
      - our perceptual system sees a fully develop gestalt
  - - - relative size
      - light
      - shadow
      - interposition
      - relative motion
      - atmospheric perception
  - - - babies learn to expect faces to have certain features in certain arrangements
- - - - S= sensation
      - R= stimulus
      - k= a constant that differs for each sensory modality
  - - - S= sensation
      - k= a constant
      - a=power exponent
      - l=stimulus intensity
- - - - The sense of body orientation with respect to gravity
      - Closely associated with the inner ear
      - Carried to the ear by a branch of the auditory nerve
    - - The sense of position and movement of body parts relative to each other
  - - - the sense of smell
    - - Chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of their species
      - Often used by animals as sexual attractants
      - unclear whether or not humans employ phenomes
  - - - The sense of taste
  - - - A response to a placebo caused by subjects' belief that the drug is real
      - because placebo effect is so common, any drug must prove itself stronger than a placebo
    - - helps us survive hostile environment
      - get treatment for sickness and injury
    - - varies enourmously from person to person
- - - - The number of cycles completed by a wave in a given amount of time, usually a second
    - - The physical strength of a wave. This is usually measured from peak to valley on a graph of the wave
    - - tympanic membrane
        
        eardrum
      - cochlea
        
        Primary organ of hearing
        
        Coiled tube in the inner ear
      - basilar membrane
        
        thin strip of tissue sensitive to vibrations in the cochlea
        
        contains hair cells connected to neurons
  - - - A sensory characteristic of sound produced by the frequency of the sound wave
  - - - A sensory characteristic of sound produced by the amplitude of the sound wave
  - - - The quality of a sound wave that derives from the wave's complexity.
      - Comes from the Greek Word for Drum
  - - - An inability to hear resulting from damages to structures of the middle or inner ear
    - - An inability to hear linked to a deficit in the body's ability to transmit impulses from the cochlea to the brain
- - - - Relies on second hand information from the sensory system
  - - - Sensation
        
        Perception
- - - - Retina
        
        The thin, light sensitive later at the back of the eyeball. Contains millions of photoreceptors and other nerve cells
        
        Real Work is performed by photoreceptors
        
        Light sensitive cells in the retina that convert light energy to neural impulses. Photoreceptors are as far as light gets into the visual system
        
        Rods
        
        Photoreceptors in the retina that are especially sensitive to dim light but not to colours. Strange as they seem, they are rod shaped
        
        Cones
        
        Photoreceptors that are especially sensitive to colours but not to dim lights. Cones are cone shaped
        
        Fovea
        
        Tiny area of sharpest vision in the retina
        
        Optic Nerve
        
        The bundle of neuron that carries visual information from the retina to the brain
        
        Blind Spot
        
        The poin where the optic nerve exits the eye and where there are no photoreceptors. Any stimulus that falls on this area cannot be seen
    - - We look with our eyes but see with our brain
      - In visual cortex, brain transforms neural impulses into visual sensations of colour, form, boundary, and movement
        
        Visual cortex takes 2d patterns from each eye and then assemble them into 3d world of depth
    - - Brightness
        
        A psychological sensation caused by the intensity of light waves
    - - Colour
        
        Also called hue
        
        Colour is not a property of things in external world
        
        Rather it is a psychological sensation created in the brain from information obtained by the eyes from the wavelengths of visible light
      - Electromagnetic spectrum
        
        The entire range of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves, X rays, microwaves, and visible light
      - Visible Spectrum
        
        Tiny part of electromagnetic spectrum to which our eyes are sensitive
        
        Visible spectrum of other creatures may be slightly different from our own
    - - trichromatic theory
        
        The idea that colors are sensed by three different types of cones sensitive to light in the red, blue, and green wavelengths.
        
        Explains the earliest stage of colour sensation
      - Opponent process theory
        
        Cells in visual system process colours in complementary pairs
        
        The opponent process theory explains colour sensation from the bipolar cells onward in the visual system
      - Afterimages
        
        Sensation that linger after the stimulus is removed
    - - Typically a genetic disorder
      - prevents individual from differentiating between colours
      - most common form is red-green colour blindness
- - - - Cells in the cortex that specialize in extracting certain features of a stimulus
    - - Refers to thr process used by brain to combine the results of many sensory operations into a single percept
      - Occurs when sensastion of colour, shape, boundary, and texture are combined to produce the percept of a person's face
      - No one knows how the brain does this
      - Major Unsolved Mystery
    - - Perceptual analysis that emphasizes characteristics of the stimulus, rather than our concepts and expectations.
      - Bottom refers to stimulus
        
        Which occurs at step one of perceptual processing
    - - The ability to recognize the same object as remaining constant under different conditions, such as changes in illumination, distance, or location
    - - demonstrably incorrect perception of a stimulus pattern
      - Especially one that also fools others who are observing the same stimulus
    - - Images are capable of more than one interpretation
    - - emphazises expectations, concept memories and other cognitive factors rather than being driven by the stimulus
      - "Top" refers to mental set in brain
        
        which is at the "top" of the perceptual processing system
- - - - respond by converting their excitation into a nerve signal
        
        similar to bar code