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salient features of indian society SFIS, sanskritisation, secularisation,…

- - - - Common residence
      - Economic cooperation
      - Reproduction
      - Sexual gratification
  - - - Polygamous
        
        types
        
        Polygamy
        
        having multiple wives
        
        Polyandry
        
        having multiple husbands
        
        thanks to skewed sex ratio esp in Punjab and Haryana
      - Monogamy
        
        types
        
        Serial
        
        One partner at one time (Does not mean that entire life you have one partner)
        
        Due to remarriages of widows and divorces
        
        Straight
        
        One partner for whole life
      - How globali has impacted marriage. - it has transformed from arrange to love to confluence. Marriage no more a sacred instiution but a contract that u can breach anytime
    - - Matrilocal
        
        She reiamins in her own house
      - Neolocal
        
        Both of them goes to third place
      - Patrilocal
        
        Women goes to husband's house
    - - Nuclear
      - Joint
    - - Patrilineal
      - Matrilineal
  - - - agency of social insurance
        
        F is based on the principle from each according to their ability to each acc to their need- i.e everyone is taken care of
      - Primary Socialisation
        
        First school, F provides values and edu. Induction of child into society/culture in early stage
      - Agency of social control
        
        F tell you what is right/wrong. wisdom advise
      - Economic Cooperation
        
        Prevents fragmentation of assets
        
        Secures economy of expenditures i.e reduces daily expenditures
    - - Lack of privacy
      - Ltd occupational opportunities
      - Disguised unemployment
      - Low status of women
        
        due to patriarchy
      - Arena of Conflicts and contradiction
        
        Outside world values conflicting with values of JF - because outside world is changing but F is still traditional
        
        Competition vs Cooperation
        
        Individual vs collective interest
      - High FR
      - Low standard of living
        
        As Dependent population> earning pop and also economic resources remain same and shareholders are increasing
      - Reproduction of socal labour
        
        as in JF we are taught to never question the elder(=authority)
      - bcz of "Reciprocal Interiorization"
        (interacting not in manner they want to interact but interacting in manner as they are expected to interact it might lead to Self alienation
        
        i.e detachment from one's own self due to reason that in society we interact and behave on pre-decided rules
      - Lack of privacy
      - Neglect of individual interest
        
        due to imposition of collective interest
  - - - Worshipping same god
      - Proficiation of dead ancestors - shraad
  - - - Patrilineal
        
        deriving sir name and property rights from father's side
      - Matrilineal
        
        eg - Nairs of Kerela, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia of Meghalaya they are not matriarchial
    - - common
    - - In JF, every family member has obligation( physical,financial) towards others. its result is Nepotism
    - - most imp role of family. F to give values existing in society
  - - - push
        
        agricultural distress
        
        lack of alternative (other than agri.) employment opportunities
        
        lack of basic infra -edu, skill centres
      - pull
        
        industrialisation
        
        globalisation
        
        urbanism
        
        ideology of urbanisation
        
        better status of w
        
        individualism
        
        anonymity
        
        new value system
    - - industrialisation
        
        due to chain migration - all members left behind join the already migrated member in urban area due to his financial stability
      - JF ethics
        
        to help/be helped by JF members living away whenever in crisis (financial, emotion etc)
      - ceremonies
        
        festivals, marriages, birth etc
- - - - common residence
      - economic cooperation
      - sexual gratification
        
        institution of F legalises/permits this
      - reproduction
  - - - monogamy
        
        single partner
        
        types
        
        straight
        
        one partner for whole life
        
        serial
        
        one partner at one time
        
        due to remarriages- of divorces and widows
      - polygamy
        
        types
        
        polygyny
        
        having multiple wives
        
        polyandry
        
        having multiple husbands
        
        thanks to skewed sex ratio- esp in punjab and haryana
    - - patrilocal
        
        issues
        
        leads to skewed sex ratio - woman being legal heir and moving to new house after marriage can lead to fragmentation of assets
      - matrilocal
      - neolocal
        
        husband and wife moving to 3rd house
    - - patrilineal
        
        drawing lineage (surname/gotra) from father's side
      - matrilineal
        
        eg: garo, khasi and jaintia tribes of meghalaya, nairs of kerela
    - - joint
      - nuclear
  - - - primary socialisation
        
        induction of child into S/culture in early stage
      - agency of social control
        
        f tell you what is right/wrong
      - agency of social insurance
        
        "from each acc to their ability and to each acc to their need" - ie everyone is taken care of
      - economic cooperation
        
        secures economy of expenditure - ie reduces daily expenditures
        
        prevents fragmentation of assets
    - - self alienation
        
        ie detachment from one's own self due to reason that in society we interact and behave on pre-decided rules
      - low status of women
        
        due to patriarchy
      - lack of privacy
      - neglect of individual interest
        
        due to imposition of collective interest
      - low standard of living
        
        as generally dependent popn > earning popn
      - reproduction of social labour
        
        as in JF we are taught to never question the elder(=authority)
      - ghettoisation
        
        ie restrict to a particular area/activity etc-
        
        us vs them
        
        in positive sense - it encourages small cohesion
        
        in negative sense - discourages diversity and accommodation/tolerance
        
        other examples
        
        slums and gated communities(elite) - g in cities on economic basis
        
        a muslim or dalit area in small towns
      - arena of confict and ontradiction
        
        outside world values conflicting with values of JF - because outside world is changing but f is still traditional
        
        competition vs cooperation
        
        individual vs collective interest
  - - - push
        
        agricultural distress
        
        lack of alternative (other than agri.) employment opportunities
        
        lack of basic infra -edu, skill centres
      - pull
        
        industrialisation
        
        globalisation
        
        urbanism
        
        ideology of urbanisation
        
        better status of w
        
        individualism
        
        anonymity
        
        new value system
    - - industrialisation
        
        due to chain migration - all members left behind join the already migrated member in urban area due to his financial stability
      - JF ethics
        
        to help/be helped by JF members living away whenever in crisis (financial, emotion etc)
      - ceremonies
        
        festivals, marriages, birth etc
  - - - most common
    - - marriage now not compulsory and divorce not a taboo
      - impact of globalisation, modernisation, secularisation
    - - mainly due to male specific distress migration
    - - impact of westernisation, people dont want to be committed for marriage, premarital sex not taboo
    - - now more due to section 377 decriminalised
    - - both working
    - - both having same bargaining power/autonomy
      - seen in dual career f
  - - - disintegration and reintegration
      - new emerging forms of f
    - - economic
        
        from being both producer and consumer to just consumer - as globalisation led to industrialisation leading to factory system
      - educational role of f
        
        due to emergence of specialised institutions of education(engineering, MBBS) , f is no longer responsible for imparting skills
      - spouse selection
    - - democratic decision making
      - better status for w
      - ties with extended f improved due to tech - whatsapp etc
    - - from straight to serial
      - from patrilocal to neolocal
- - - - maintained by
        
        endogamy - ie, intercaste marriage aren't allowed
        
        ascriptive membership
        
        restricted contact
  - - - book view
      - written in scriptures
      - diff theories
        
        divine origin theory
        
        bhahma self destructed himself into 4 parts
        
        racial theory
        
        by risley
        
        2 sections of society - arya (white) and dasa (black)
        
        guna theory
        
        in vishnu purana
        
        everyone is born equal and karma will decide your varna
      - purpose was social cohesion and eco cooperation
        
        for good functioning of barter or jagmani system
      - pan india framework
    - - concept
        
        c are subdivision of varnas
      - field view
      - empirical reality
      - based on principle of purity and pollution
        
        attributes of dominant/subjugate c becomes purity/pollution
        
        impacts
        
        hierarchy
        
        based on pure and impure
        
        separation of contact
        
        as purity/impurity is contagious
        
        occupational division of labour
        
        it was believed that impure acts of upper c has to be absorbed by lower c
  - - - disability for lower c and privileges for upper c
      - occupational division of labour
        
        determined by birth, occupation to be treated as religious duty
      - endogamy
      - membership determined by birth
      - hierarchy
      - commonsality
      - caste councils - to ensure c rules are followed
  - - - hierarchy
      - separation of contact
        
        based on purity-pollution principle
      - occupaional dividion of labour
    - - industrialisation
        
        diverse job opportunities -based/given on skill sets - hence c neutral jobs
        
        hence challenged traditional occuptional division os CS
      - urbanisation
        
        urbanism - led to
        
        heterogeneity
        
        secular pattern of living
        
        anonymity
        
        hence challenged separation of contact of traditional CS
      - modern value system
        
        promotes rationality
        
        based on scientific temper/logic
        
        questions hierarchy based on purity-pollution
      - role of state
        
        art 17
        
        abolition of untouchability
        
        reservation
        
        provided opportunities for lower c people wrt edu, govt jobs and political representation
        
        created potential for socio-economic mobiliy
        
        challenged rigid c structure
        
        only the prosperous sections among lower c have reaped its benefits - created class within c, elitism
        
        land reforms
        
        abolition of zamindari system led to emergence a new class, which irrespective of their c/status in traditional c hierarchy, continued to hold dominance due to
        
        political power
        
        numerical strength
        
        land ownership
        
        eg: jaat, patel, gujjar, maratha etc
        
        mandal commission
        
        its implementation led to alteration in c structure from vertical structure along with stigma, to horizontal competition for backward status
  - - - by scriptures
        
        though endogamy wasnt allowed, anuloma (upper c male lower c female) was still allowed, but pratiloma was strictly prohibited
        
        the offspring of pratiloma constituted the untouchable class
  - - - secular edu, english language - modern values introduced
      - christian missionaries spreading message of christianity as reform movement against regressive practices within hinduism
      - emergence of edu class, who wanted to reform hinduism (eg: rigid CS)
      - this challenged the hegemony of upper c
    - - phase 1
      - phase 2
      - phase 3
  - - - definition
        
        form of affirmative actin whereby percentage of seat is reserved for people belonging to socially and educationally backward communities and SC/STs who are inadequately represented in govt jobs and education
      - rationale
        
        provide equality of opportunities to groups who have been discriminated, ie to correct the historical injustice
        
        to give effect to redistributive agenda of state - reduce gap b/w haves and have nots
        
        substantive form of equality followed in india demands R
      - for
        
        all 3 points of rationale
        
        in a democracy, its a political necessity to give representation to all sections of the society
        
        social empowerment of backward classes - jobs, edu, politics etc
        
        to respect/give effect to the essence of the Constitution - liberty, equality and justice
        
        national/social cohesion/harmony
        
        meritocracy is meaningless without equality of opportunities
      - against
        
        `1. strengthened caste consciousness
        
        elitism- only few reaped benefits
        
        efficiency gets compromised
        
        intercaste conflicts - widens social cleavages
        
        reduced to political tool to serve their vested interests
      - way forward
        
        3. overhauling of edu system
        
        universalising of 4A'Q wrt edu
        
        availability
        
        accessibility
        
        awareness
        
        affordability
        
        quality
        
        why - because good schooling will automatically decrease demand for R at higher edu level
        
        introducing De-R by means of social mapping
        
        `1. developing new social yardstick to determine backwardness - eg: NALSA judgement to give transgenders R under OBC status
        
        perception management wrt to the need of R - eg: govt job gives security, ideal should be skill should give security
        
        develop capabilities of individuals - skill, edu, health
        
        4. promote agri sector to make it lucrative for youth - MS Swaminathan: "future belongs to nation with grains, not with guns"
        
        5. promotion of labour intensive industries
    - - concept
        
        dominant C
        
        cant compete with upper c in private jobs due to lack of edu
        
        cant compete with lower c in govt jobs due to lack of R
        
        hence feeling of relative deprivation wrt both c
      - background
        
        agri community
        
        emerged due to land reforms
        
        position consolidated due to green revolution
        
        didnt reap benefits of edu opportunities
      - contemporary times
        
        agri in distress
        
        lack of employment opprtunities
        
        attraction towards city life
        
        skewed sex ratio esp wrt jats
        
        bargaining power of men in marriage market has declined
      - will it help
        
        yes
        
        general R pros points
        
        no
        
        " minimum govt and max governance " has led to shrinking of public sector jobs - acc ot indian staffing federation, 44% of govt jobs are contractual in nature
        
        even after 25 years of implementation of mandal commission, obc quota remains less than half filled - implies that inclusion will hardly help
      - way forward
        
        similar as for R
    - - meaning/rationale
        
        coined by chandra bhan prasad
        
        when capitalism is seen as solution for upliftment and emancipation(liberation) for dalits
        
        promoting the idea of dalits being a job giver rather than job seeker
      - govt initiatives
        
        DICCI - dalit indian chamber of commerce and industry
        
        NSCFDC - national SC finance and dev corporation
        
        stand up india scheme
      - challenges
        
        basic problem of dalit - social exclsion, self respect, lack of social acceptance, violence etc - all remain unadressed by dalit capitalism
        
        capitalism inherently is exploitative in nature, hence will further promote elitism within dalits
        
        since the caste system is highly entrenched in IS, dalit entrepreneur will face discrimination at various levels
    - - data
        
        NCRB - 2010-14, 44% increase in violence against dalits
      - reason
        
        feeling of relative deprivation among upper c due to the benefits offered to dalits by govt as it is perceieved that it is acting as a threat to their social hegemony
        
        better reporting
        
        prevention of attrocities act 1989 is very severe.. its not severity but certainty of law which acts as detrence - poor conviction rate
        
        de-reliction of duty by police officials
        
        sankritisation
        
        lack of political will to adress caste based violence - makes it easy to rule
        
        embedded c structure
      - soln
        
        restrain, responsible journalism
        
        promoting community lunches - to overcome commensality
        
        inter c marriages
        
        discouraging castisation of issues
- - - - reason
        
        diff in paces at which these 2 types of values change creates a cultural lag
        
        there exist 2 sets of values of an individual
        
        core values
        
        person will show resistance/resentment when someone tries to change them
        
        hence they will change at slower pace
        
        peripheral values
        
        can be changed and individual will accept the change
        
        hence they will change at faster pace
      - eg
        
        peripheral value
        
        women can work outside
        
        but core value
        
        patriarchy
        
        hence cultural gap is created
        
        results into/ consequenses
        
        wage gap
        
        late promotion
        
        dual burden - of office and home
- - - - given by thomas jefferson
      - sphere of politics is separated from sphere of r
      - state shall not adopt any r as state r
      - no one shall be discriminated on the basis of r
      - politics and r - mutually exclusive, arm length distance
      - rationale
        
        rationale - r is personal affair hence should be kept outside domain of the state
    - - s called 'laicite'
      - church was all dominating hence concept of s emerged as a part of long battle against religious influence on laws and government
      - there exists a separation of state and religion
      - it doest promote any one r nor discourage any as long as beliefs and practices do not interfere with state or any other citizens' right
      - due to its commitment to total separation, overt/explicit religios practices and symbols r banned in public sphere - public office, space and schools
      - dilution of r in public sphere to reduce its dominance - US has soft s whereas france has hard s
    - - not only individual rights like in west but also community rights
      - indian idea and practice of s although inspired by western origin, is rooted in i's unique socio-historic circumstances - such as religious d, freedom struggle which advocated equal support and respect for all r, salad bowl theory of multiculturism etc
      - wall of seeparation s porous, r can never interfere in political affairs, however politics can interfere in religious matters to give progressive voices within every r and to allow dis-agreement with certain aspects of r - eg: aboilition os sati, untouchability, triple talaq etc
      - nature and extent - principled arm distance approach
      - art 25 - doctrine of essential religious practices
        
        there are certain practices which are essential to existence of r known as essential religious practices
        
        state doesnt have the right to intervene in these practices
        
        also they do not have the right to decide which practices is essential and which is not
        
        this over-interference of state in deciding the nature of a practice in the matter of r is referred as judiciopapism
  - - - nikhil soni vs raj HC case - HC banned santhara (religious fasting to death) on 2 grounds - it was equated to suicide and it was not considered as essential religious practice
      - however, SC later overturned the judgement on the grounds of judiciopapism and that its not equal to suicide
    - - earlier maintainance given for iddat period ie 90 days- SC gave verdict in shh bano favour - saying -we are not intereing in your religious matters but section 125 of crpc says that not giving maintainance to divorced wife is a criminal offence hence its not a religious personal law matter
    - - shayra bano case
        
        talaq e biddat - null and void
        
        also involves nikah halala (process to remarriage - sexually molest/harass women) and polygamy but no verdict on it
      - declared sin even in quran - hence state can intervene
      - act
        
        bans talaq e biddat
        
        cognizable and non bailable
        
        while DV act is non cognizable and bailable
        
        jail upto 3 years and fine
        
        divorce is a civil offence - how can they give jail term, also how can they give punishment to something which is null and void,ie never happened
        
        women is entitled to subsistence allowance
        
        but if you put men in jail, how will he provide assistance
        
        she can also seek custody of minor child
        
        sacchar report - muslim women are very backward -difficult to sustain
        
        conclusion
        
        although ban is significant move to ensure empowerment of muslim women against wrong practice but criminalising civil offence needs to be deliberated upon
    - - issues
        
        right to equality vs right to r
        
        faith vs rationality
        
        attitude of s, ie regressive and patriarchal
      - arguements
        
        in sabrimala, there is no discrimination - just some restrictions due to the celibate nature of god
        
        it constitutes essential religous practice and court cant practice judiciopapism
        
        right to privacy of god needs to be respected
        
        art 17 cant be extended to gender/sex discrimination
      - counter
        
        ban on entry of women is based on patriarchal belief
        
        womens' right to worship is a consttutional right
        
        against art 17 - 'doctrine of living tree' - c is open to wider and more inclusive interpretation
        
        travancore board itself has said that practice is not essential
    - - art 44 highlights UCC - referred as body of laws governing rights and duties pertaining to property and personal matters -marriage divorce inheritance etc
      - for
        
        uniformity in personal laws
        
        reduce the burden on legal system
        
        promote national cohesion
        
        create potential for women empowermnet
        
        better laws will be enacted
        
        will check vote bank politics
      - against
        
        lack of blue print wrt UCC generates an apprehension that it is imposition of majoruty culture over minorities
        
        lack of political will due to complexities and sensitity of the issue
        
        women empowerment is over exarated rationale to justify UCC - eg: hindu inheritence act in the favour of women has not been able to bring significant changes either inthe status of women or in the percentage of property owned by women
        
        over-politicisation of issue has inhibited the capacity to visualise it in rational domain
      - conclusion
        
        democracies can be estd in multicultural s - efforts should be made to end cultural exclusion, dev of complementary idntities, policies promoting unity in d, etc
        
        n cohesion does not require imposition of common identity but accomodation of d - hence any decision wrt art 44 should be based on popular consensus
        
        r is core value , so if impleneted without popular consensus might lead to resentment
- - - - ways
        
        friendly/cooperative/peaceful
        
        multiculturalism - part of SFIS
        
        2 school of thought
        
        salad bowl
        
        means
        
        1 more item...
        
        better than melting pot
        
        melting pot
        
        means
        
        1 more item...
        
        hostile
        
        leads to issues (written below) based on diff aspects of diversity
  - - - concept
        
        integral component of culture
        
        source of
        
        cohesion
        
        conflict - due to relative deprivation and fear of domination by majority l speakers
      - facts
        
        125 major languages
        
        22 official languages - 8th schedule
        
        1652 dialects
      - issue
        
        official language
        
        we were salad bowl over melting pot - hence clarity of no n l
        
        but due to l d, a l reqd to interact ie - official l reqd
        
        2 contenders
        
        english - better due to - commerce l, international diplomacy, more developed, new value system. SPOKEN BY MANY NON HINDI SPEAKERS
        
        hindi
        
        gandhiji - rejected english as it occupies unequal space due to unequal relation with britishers
        
        hence only hindi left - declared official l in devanagri script with roman numerals in C in 1950
        
        nehru -others wont be comfortable with hindi a sole official l - hence for next 15 years english chosen as associate official l
        
        2 reasons - non hindi speakers to become comfortable with hindi, hindi to develop itself by then
        
        also - 1959 - 3rd force emerged - swatantra party of rajagopalachari (defected from congress)
        
        only 2 issues impacted
        
        livelihood - as govt exams conducted in hindi & english
        
        culture - Sanskrit extensively used. Hindi became tougher in the name of purification instead of simplifying
        
        this backfired - resulted into riots - india(i) divided into north i vs south i on l issue - suprastate regionalism (2 group of states pited against each other on a issue)
        
        1963 - official l act passed - "english may continue as the associate official l post 1965" - 'may' usage created further tension
        
        26 jan 1965 - declared day of mourning by south i - but indo-pak war diverted tension
        
        1967 - official l amendment act passed - engish will continue as the associate l till non hindi speaking states wants - veto give to states
        
        linguistic reorganisation of state
        
        background/reasons/benefits
        
        for universalisation of education and massive spread of literacy, it needs to be imparted in mother tongue
        
        to realise democracy(people participation) both in letter and spirit, politics and administration needs to be carried out in a l understood by all - as suggested in bultoo experiment of alex paulmen
        
        gandhiji - provincial/regional ls can grow only with l reorg of states
        
        problems/issues
        
        diving ideas and issues operating
        
        integration of princily states
        
        partition/communalism
        
        poverty, famine, agri distress
        
        kshmir issue
        
        war - i-pak
        
        above problems grappled leadership and they thought any effort to reorganise the states might lead to admin, political, and economic dislocation/disturbance
        
        efforts/evolution
        
        SK dhar and JVP committee - although its desirable but the time is not right
        
        jvp - in case there is popular demand, we will look into it
        
        madras issue - who will get it - AP or TN
        
        talks failed
        
        potti sriramalu fast to death - led to all india riots
        
        1956 - fazal ali commission/ state reorg commission - 14 states + 6 UTs, 2 states not bifurcated - bombay(1960) and punjab(1966)
        
        led to - problems - opened pandora's box as there are multiple l ( 1625) - all demanding separate states
        
        linguistic nationalism
        
        l d threat to n integration
        
        politicatisation on l issue is the problem, l d itself not threat
        
        post 2 decades, not a threat
      - role
        
        helps in erradication of extreme poverty and hunger because ability to obtain livelihood--dependent on language skills
        
        a principal medium of transmission and essential to achieve universal primary edu
        
        Imp role in responding to diseases - hiv, AIDS, Malaria
        
        carry local and indigenous k and know how of natural ecosystems so they help in management of natural resoucrces hence strategic for environmental sustainabilty
        
        imp for actual enjoyment of FR - appropriate lang policies i.e knowing these rights int heir own languages provide an essential medium for excercising those rights
    - - religious (r) d threat to n integration
      - states of d
        
        inter
        
        hindu, sikh, muslim etc
        
        intra
        
        sects (created by diff interpretetion of core ideolgy, very rigid - closed group) , cults (innovative means to achieve goad, loose groupflxible - one can change cult as per convienence) , mode of worship
      - issue
        
        communalism
        
        meaning
        
        "mazhab ki siyasi dukandari" - political trade in r
        
        idelogy which divide s into various r communities having diff secular interests
        
        man of r is not communal but one who practise olitics by linking it with r is communal
        
        manifestations
        
        mild
        
        people with same r interests have same secular interests
        
        moderate
        
        diff r int have diff sec int
        
        extreme
        
        not only diff int, but mutually hostile intersts
        
        based on zero sum theory of power
        
        types
        
        assimilationist
        
        majority culture group try to bring inside it (asiimilate)minority group - minority culture is lost
        
        eg: hindu code bill - appicable to sikh, jain and buddhism , assimilationist approach to tribal inclusion in mainstream s -consider them backward hindu
        
        welfarist
        
        working for welfare of your own community
        
        eg
        
        jain scholarship
        
        retreatist
        
        when r forbids members from participating in politics
        
        eg: bahaism(yongest r, lotus temple vaale)
        
        secessionist
        
        demand for khalistan
        
        demanding region cut from larger frame
        
        retaliatory
        
        eg: himdu vs muslim
        
        based on zero sum game
        
        separatist
        
        demand for separate sikh/punjab state
        
        demanding region within larger frame
        
        first 3 are not threat to n integration but last 3 are
        
        evolution
        
        babri masjid
        
        1529 - const by mir baki in the name of babur
        
        1858 - clash b/w hindu muslim on babri issue - british used divide and rule post 1857 revolt
        
        1947 - in 1949, news broke that lord ram sunndenly appeared in mosue - mosque locked - case in district court
        
        1986 - shah bano case - protect of muslim act was passed - cogress seen as muslim appeasement party - so to chill hindus, verdict of district court to open locks was promptly executed by congress
        
        1990 - mandal commisiion implemented by vp singh govt - bjp took back its support for their upper hindu base benefit - BJP became famous
        
        1992
        
        bjp came to power in 4 states including UP- babri masjid got demolished on 6th dec 1992
        
        ancient and medival i - communalism not there much - akbar, ashoka etc
        
        during british rule - agri and handcraf in distress, industrialisation happened -jobs emerged but low supply and high demand - middle class aspirations in the soical situation which did not offer them adequate opportunities created grouds for communal politics -eg: mobilisation of peopleon r grounds
        
        socio-ec reality in india was such that r distinctions were coinsiding with social and class distinctions for eg: hindu landlords were pitted against muslim peaants (b/w haves nd have nots)
        
        power struggle b/w elites also
        
        west punjab - muslim zamindars vs hindu moneyalenders
        
        east bengal - hindu zamindars vs muslim jotedars(small zamindars)
        
        divide and rule policy of britishers -to counter growing n movement, communalism became main tool of colonialism, eg: tolerance towards communal press, separate electorates, patronage to communalist leaders etc
        
        overthrowing of b rule was the neceaasrt considiton tio fight c but not sufficient
        
        overempasising ancient i culture and undermining medieval culture led to the resentment among educated muslims
        
        r based parties/groups had the understanding that they only share economic and political interests, however socio-culturally they are different.
        
        n leadership failed to unify diff sections of s and were restricted to policy of negotiations with the leaders of diff organisations.
        
        hindu touch given to nationalist agenda - eg: ganesh festival shivaji festival etc
        
        post independence
        
        lack of cultural synthesis - lead to dev of preconcieved notions - sterotyped behaviour - hostile behaviour towards other - minority will resolve to tactic of invisibility for survival - ghettoization - lack of cultural synthesis
        
        socio-eco disparity
        
        lack of equal opportunity for development
        
        perceieved or real deprivation
        
        cultural exclusion
        
        political manipulation
        
        stereotyping
        
        way forward
        
        short term
        
        sacchar committee report - socio-economic profile of muslim community is in very dismal state
        
        restricted and responsible journalism
        
        setting up of peace communities
        
        active participation of NGOs and civil society t drive away the mistrust
        
        cinema, other cultural platforms should be used to promote peace and harmony
        
        extremist communal outfits should be immedialtely trgeted and cripple their capacity to disrupt law and order
        
        long term
        
        de communalisation at levels of governance - police, political leaders, judiciary etc
        
        content of edu should be along scientific lines without any ideological coloration
        
        communal press should be banned
        
        iradicate poverty, unemployment and illetreacy
        
        religious fundamentalism
        
        meaning
        
        violent offshoot of communalism
        
        refers to visible pattern of r militancy by which self styled true believers try to arrest the erosion of r identity
        
        always -ve unlike communalism which can be sometimes non -ve
        
        reason/rationale
        
        the s around them (fundamentalists/orthodox section) has changed so much that it is a threat to their abiilty to reproduce their traditions and themselves
        
        causes
        
        modernisation - rationality makes us question r practices / heories
        
        secularisation
        
        differentiation - r role changed/differentiated from all encompassig aspects to matter of personal faith - led to
        
        privatisation - became limited to personal - led to
        
        decline in s significance of r
        
        other imp reasons for spread of fundamentalism
        
        ideological cohesion
        
        supply of potential recruits -marginalised or relatively deprived section
        
        charismatic leadership
        
        technology - eg: social media, 'whatsapp university'
        
        education (rational) - questions r - more retaliation by fundamentalists
    - - regionalism meaning
        
        regional consiousness + assertion of regional interests
        
        when political loyalties are professed more towards a region rather than a nation
      - how it developes
        
        homogenous area, physically and culturally distinct from neighbourhood areas - lead to
        
        people have conscious that they are similar, and diff from others - lead to
        
        dev of regional identity - lead to
        
        political loyalties are more towards a region(reg) rather than nation
        
        bound to happen in i as it is rooted in i's d wrt caste, l, r, etc
        
        when all these diverse features gets geographically concentrated along with feeling of relative deprivation, it leads to regionalism
      - politics of regionalism
        
        +ves - justifies for
        
        to concretize identity eg:linguistic reorg of states
        
        for better socio-economic opportunities, eg: creation of telangana, chattisgarh etc
        
        for better administration, eg: creation of uttrakhand
        
        better safeguard to local culture amidst globalisation
        
        competitive federalism
        
        -ves
        
        interstate and intrastate disputes
        
        son of soil - aka politics of nativism - against art 19, eg: maharashtra of marathas , khasi of meghalaya
        
        factors for son of soil
        
        prevalant in areas where culture of outmigration is missing
        
        struggle is fr middle class jobs
        
        presence of strong regional parties
        
        rising aspiration of people leading to feeling of relative deprivation
        
        failure of state to accommodate interest of natives and migrants
        
        resorting to violence
        
        demand for separate nation eg: khalistan
      - meghalya issue
        
        ramdasia sikh (dalit converts from hindu)
        
        taken to meghalaya by british to meghalaya - to perform menial govt jobs
        
        post b, children of sikhs got into middle and upper govt jobs as well
        
        khasi people(indigenous) resenting - send these sikhs back to punjab
        
        uttrakhand issue
        
        intra migration from hill areas to plain areas
        
        hill area popn declined
        
        no political representation from these areas - as delimitation is based on popn
        
        no dev of hill areas
        
        purpose ofcreation of uttrakhand defeated
      - basis/factors
        
        historical
        
        it supports regionalism with cultural heritage, 'folklore', myth etc - eg: the idea of dravidistan was supported by the theory that dravidians were original inhabitants of IS however it was destroyed by aryan conquest and brahmnical hegemony, hence the idea was rooted in anti brahminism
        
        geographical
        
        land forms, climate, presence of natural resources, international border locations, coastal areas - oppotunity for trade, lack of accessability wrt mainstream i for north east, buffer region (no one wants to leave it or take its full responsibility)- bundelkhand b/w up and mp
        
        socio-cultural
        
        language
        
        linguistic reorg
        
        caste
        
        anti brahman movement wrt tamil nadu - garb of language
        
        direct demand on caste and religion basis wont be accepted as it would be anti constitutional
        
        religion
        
        punjab -but demand made in the garb of punjabi
        
        kashmir - garb of underdevelopment
        
        politico -administrative
        
        politics doesn't create regionalism, it accentuates it
        
        it takes advantage of the situation of regional discontent and conert it in their favour by strengthening their votebank
        
        economic
        
        it is the crux of regional politics
        
        it is due to limited resources and disproportionate demands
        
        it is further aggravated due to economic policies which results into regional imbalance and economic disparity
        
        due to unequal distribution of development benefits, results into demand for new states
      - types
        
        suprastate
        
        north i vs south i on l issue - now on issue of proposal of hindi as 3rd language in new education policy
        
        mainstream i vs noeth east i - on issue of development
        
        why issue
        
        international borders
        
        infiltration - illega migration
        
        hill geography
        
        connectivity issue with mainstrem i
        
        historical - n-e dont consider themselves as part of i as britishers ruled them under bengal frontiers act of 1873 - mainstream people werent allowed to travel to n-e
        
        cultural homogenisation by mainstream india about n-e people - all taken under 1 umbrella
        
        human rights violation by security forces
        
        interstate
        
        river water disputes
        
        border dispute - karnataka vs maharashtra
        
        intrastate
        
        western up vs eastern up
        
        bodoland, saurashtra, vidharba, gorkhaland demand
        
        aka sun regionalism
        
        demand for secession
      - impacts
        
        +ves
        
        imp role in nation building if it accommodates federal sentiments
        
        by accepting the demands its gives right of self determination to the people
        
        it helps in giving effect to salad bowl theory of multiculturalism
        
        acts as linking pin b/w regional aspirations and national interests
        
        helps in keeping political extremism at bay
        
        -ves
        
        can be seen as threat to dev and progress of n
        
        sourceof internal security challenges
        
        can hinder international diplomacy - i interference in srilanka's civil war due to pressure from TN
        
        become basis of vote bank politics
        
        unequal distribution of resources due to the presence of strong regional leaders also result into relative deprivation - eg: delhi getting less funds from centre
    - - concept/meaning
        
        social group characterised on basis of physical attributes -skin colour, height, hair texture, facial features
      - issue
        
        racism
        
        causes for racial intolerance
        
        limited resources
        
        obsession with fair complexion
        
        lack of cultural synthesis
        
        ghettoissation of racial minorities
        
        fringe/ antisocial elements
        
        stereotyping of racial minorities - negritos selling drugs in india
        
        implication
        
        negatively impacts bilateral relations - 2015 - banglore - 2 sudanese involved in hit and run case - later 2 tanjania people were molested who went to police - police said u only involves as u all look similar - became international issue and many african n boycotted africa day celebration in i
        
        impacts i as a destination of business and education
        
        threatens i's ability to emerge as global power
        
        controversial role of police and admin
        
        hampers social integration and harmony in s
        
        way forward
        
        sensitization programs focusing on i's obsession with fair skin - media, advertizement, celebrities
        
        bezbaruah cmmittee recom
        
        new stringent laws reqd
        
        fast track courts and special police squad
        
        intervention in edu system to make it comprehensive and inclusive
        
        legal awareness campaigns
        
        widening social media outreach
        
        confidence building meansurs to assure racial minorities about their security and well-being
        
        police should be sensitised, prepared and given proper guidelines to prevent such attacks
    - - issue
        
        ethno nationalism
        
        ethnic group meaning - social group, sufficiently united on the basis of common ancestry, culture, l, historical experiences etc
        
        development of ethnic identity due to dev of consciousness
        
        differential access to resources on the basis of ethnic identity
        
        ethnic stratification
        
        1 more item...
        
        eg: srilanka issue
        
        b took tamilians as gri laborurs to sl
        
        post independence - 1948 - ceylon citizenship act passed which denied citizenship rights to tamilians, sinhala declared official l, buddhhism declared state religion, policy of standardisation - reservation on the basis of popn
        
        stratified society created - tamil lower - led to antagonism
        
        1976 - LTTE emerged - subjective realisation - led to SL civil war
        
        india intervened due to pressure by tamil nadu - agreement signed b/w i and SL - backfired - rajiv gandhi died
  - - - sense of one-ness, feeling of integration
    - - uniformity
        
        traditionally we were united because we were uniorm
      - differences
        
        today we are united because we are interdependent on each other
    - - geographical unity
        
        geo-political
        
        single c, single citizenship, same political culture etc
        
        geo-cultural
        
        temple-culture/institution of pilgrimage - kedarnath in n, puri in e, rameshwaram in s, and dwarka in w
      - regional
        
        horizontal unity - practices of brahmins same inter region
        
        vertical unity - same l spoken by brahmis, kshatriya, vaishyas and shudra intra region
        
        common religion b/t east and west pakistan
      - socio-cultural
        
        religion
        
        inter religion - temple culture - all faiths go to their worship place for common goal of earning religious merit
        
        intra religion - source (scriptures) and their teachings unites all sects and cults
      - modern system
        
        secularism
        
        transport & communication system
        
        sports
        
        modern edu system
        
        all india services
        
        defence
        
        prliament
        
        dance forms - eg lord krishna as inspirations to classical dance forms
        
        architecture - mixing
        
        language - words borrowed from urdu and sanskrit
        
        1st tell the diversity and then tell unity in it
    - - remember diagram
      - post independence - unity in d needed to be promoted
      - today, d in unity needs to be promoted - as invisible forces are trying to assimilate india in one fold - we can remain united with d among us
      - examples
        
        govt services and corporate culture - people fromdiff backfround
        
        defence - diff regiments
        
        cricket - diff reasons for liking it
        
        1st tell unifying feature and then write diversity within it
  - - - individuals/group governed by
        
        livelihood and culture
        
        if either is dominated by other individual/section
        
        feeling of deprivation
        
        feeling - limited to oneself, extent and genuineness unknown
        
        when there is 3rd force
        
        to make subject realise deprivation wrt others
        
        1 more item...
        
        political party, leader, NGO, pressure group