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Effects of Technology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - MMI values were compared for each participant against standardised test scores from the state of Massachusetts. Scores for the math and English subtests were each correlated against the MMI value.
      - The study used a self-selected sample of 74 students in the 8th grade from the greater Boston area, including equal numbers of males and females, and including a range of ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Participants were first administered a questionnaire asking how many hours each week were spent using 12 forms of media, including watching TV, playing video games, reading print media, reading electronic media, instant messaging, and so on. This allowed researchers to generate a Media Multitasking Index (MMI) for each participant.
  - - - Method: The study sampled 5,269 readers of Slate Magazine from a highly diverse population. The researchers manipulated false memory by presenting participants with four real photos and captions and one false photo and caption, all based on well-known US political figures. The fabricated events were created by altering photographs and then labeling them with inaccurate captions. Participants completed the study through an online survey posted on Slate.com. Participants were presented with five photographs: three true, one false, and then one true. The fabricated photograph was randomly selected from a pool of five doctored photographs. After seeing each picture and caption, participants were asked to indicate whether they remembered the event happening.
      - Participants were also asked to report their own political orientation. This was meant to help determine whether social groupings had any effect on false memory.
      - Finally, participants were informed that one of the events was not true, and that it had been inserted to see whether history could be rewritten or altered, and they were then asked to identify which event they thought was false.
    - - 63% correctly identified the false event post-debriefing. 53% of those who reported remembering the false event correctly identified it as false post-debriefing. 24% reported remembering the false event, and could not identify it as false post-debriefing.
      - Furthermore, the researchers found that for two of the doctored photographs, false memory varied with political ideology. The two pictures in question were identified previously—the one with President Bush and the professional baseball player at the ranch, and the other one with President Obama shaking hands with the President of Iran.
  - - - Participants then completed a recognition task in which they were shown the 30 trivia statements, but half of them were altered slightly. Participants were asked to make judgments about each statement.
      - Experiment 3: The same procedure as the experiment described above was used, except they switched to a repeated measures design and added a third condition for which participants were told that the information they typed would be saved into a particular folder. After participants typed in each of the 30 trivia statements they were shown a message on the screen.
      - Experiment 2: Using an independent samples design, participants were asked to type some newly learned trivia facts into a computer. Half of the participants were told the information would be saved and they could access it later, and half were told that the information would be erased. In each condition, half of the participants were explicitly asked to try and remember the information they were typing.
      - Experiment 1: Using a repeated measures design, participants were first tested with easy or hard trivia questions. After the questions, participants completed a modified Stroop task including words related to technology (Google/Yahoo) and brand names (Nike/Yahoo).
    - - Experiment 1: Interestingly, the technology words caused more cognitive interference, presumably because participants paid more attention to Google than Nike for example, and that slowed down their cognitive processing as measured through the Stroop task.
      - Experiment 2: The results indicated that participants who believed they could access the information later did not recall it as well as the group that believed the information would be erased. Furthermore, the explicit instruction to remember had no effect on rates of recall.
      - Experiment 3: Participants had the best memory for the statements they thought had been erased. They were more able to recall the name of the folder where the information was saved than what the information was.
- - - - 140 undergraduate participants were sampled from the university recruitment system and were then divided into groups of 10. Participants read fictional descriptions of four US Peace Corps volunteers as the stimulus material, during the study phase. Researchers administered a pre-conversation recall test to each participant individually.
      - Then, participants in each of the 10-member communities were paired up to jointly recall what they could from the study materials, through an interactive conversation in a 'chat-like computer-mediated environment' requiring participants to type their response. —this was done three times for each participant, in three different pairings.
      - Finally, researchers administered a post-conversation recall test identical to the pre-conversation test, asking participants to remember what they could about each fictional volunteer. The researchers also manipulated the social network structure, so that half of the 10-member communities interacted in a social network consisting of one large cluster, and the other half of the communities interacting in two sub-clusters.