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Minimal procedures without anaesthesia - Coggle Diagram
Minimal procedures without anaesthesia
restraint tubes, collars, bags
pH: pH can be easily measured using a "pH indicator paper", by making use of the fact that its colour changes with pH
Solubility: Solubility can be defined as the property of a substance called solute to dissolve in a solvent to form a homogeneous solution of the solute in the solvent.
Biocompatability: Biocompatibility can be defined as "the ability of a substance to be in contact with a living system (e.g., cells, tissues, etc.) without producing an adverse effect", (IUPAC Recommendations, 2012).
Sterility: Contaminated substances can cause infection and cause irritation at the site of injection. This can lead to self-mutilation and, at worst, the death of the animal.
Temperature: Injection of cold substances can cause discomfort, even hypothermic shock, when injecting large volumes. Warm substances to room or body temperature before administration will avoid these effects.
DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide): An antioxidant, DMSO is a highly reactive, amphipathic molecule with a highly polar domain and two apolar groups, making it soluble in both aqueous and organic media.
Water: Water should be used for enteral administration only (through the gastrointestinal tract: oral/rectal). For parenteral administration (i.e, injection) only commercial "water for injection" must be used. Water for injections is hypotonic and it should not be administered alone.
PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline): PBS is a water-based salt solution containing sodium phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium phosphate. PBS is isotonic and non-toxic to cells. Whenever possible use sterile normal buffered saline (PBS) as a solvent.
Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal.
Parenteral administration occurs from routes outside the gastrointestinal tract (GI), and commonly refers to injection such as intravenous, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes but could also include topical and inhalation. - for drugs poorly absorped in GI
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the quantitative study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME).
Plasma concentration of a drug after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration the curve drops with time
Routes of administration (fastest at top)
Intravascular Injection (IV)
In bolus injection, the substance is given for approximately 1 minute. ( 5-10 minutes, using butterfly needle).
In continuous infusion, the volume and rate of infusion should be considered. (not be greater than 4 ml/kg/hour.)
Mouse & rat: 5 mL/kg (bolus); 20mL/kg (continuous infusion).
Needle: 25-30 g (mouse) / 23-27 g (rat).
approach the tail at a 30-degree angle. Apply direct pressure to the tail after the injection.
Restrain the animal using an appropriate restraining device.
Place the tail under a lamp, heating pad or in warm water.rotate the tail one-quarter of a degree
Intraperitoneal Injections (IP)
used for large volumes e.g. anaesthetics
injection into the abdominal cavity of an animal
70% of rats have the ceca on the left side of the abdomen (on your right when seeing it from the ventral position).
injections on the left side were more likely to result in punctured ceca
may be absorbed into both systemic and portal circulations
first-pass effect = portal vien liver enzyem absorption of drugs reducing bioavailibility
10 mL/kg & Needle: 23-25g
mouse can have largest needle size
NO more than one IP injection per day
Intramuscular Injections (IM)
testing vaccines, to administer some anaesthetics and analgesics, and for sustained release formulations . this time 45 degreee angle
fascia is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscle fibers.
Subcutaneous Injections (SC/SQ)
Subcutaneous injection is used for administering large volumes of many substances and provides for slow release avoiding first-pass liver metabolism
Intradermal Injections (ID)
bjective is to administer a substance and look for a reaction (oedema, swelling or redness) which might occur rapidly or after a period of time from minutes to days.
no more than six sites of injection.
Enteral Administration (PO)
mainly oral routes) is commonly used when systemic exposure is required and it is known that there is good absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
Sublingual (not commonly used in lab animals)
Rectal
reduced bioavailability due to absorption issues and first-pass effect.
STOP the procedure if: mucous membranes are blue, the mouse struggles vigorously, or fluid comes from the nose.
Blood collection
hair removal- hair removal (e.g., plucking, clipping or shaving)- followed by warm water with the addition of a disinfectant such as chlorhexidine