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Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, Source: (https…
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Stage 1:Trust vs. Mistrust
Infancy (birth to 18 months)
the child is utterly dependent upon adult caregivers for everything they need to survive
food, love, warmth, safety, and nurturing
children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
children acquire hope, which Erikson described as an openness to experience tempered by some wariness that danger may be present.
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
Start to perform basic actions on their own and making simple decisions about what they prefer. By allowing kids to make choices and gain control, parents and caregivers can help children develop a sense of autonomy
toilet training was a vital part of this process because learning to control bodily functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence
success leads to feelings of autonomy; failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt would lead to will, which is the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschool (3 to 5 years)
children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions.
Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative
When an ideal balance of individual initiative and a willingness to work with others is achieved, the ego quality known as purpose emerges
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
School Age (6 to 11 years)
Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.
Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills
Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their abilities to be successful.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
This stage plays an essential role in developing a sense of personal identity which will continue to influence behavior and development for the rest of a person's life
Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future.
Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction
our ego identity constantly changes due to new experiences and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others
Our sense of personal identity is shaped by our experiences and interactions with others, and it is this identity that helps guide our actions, beliefs, and behaviors as we age.
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation
This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships
a strong sense of personal identity was important for developing intimate relationships, poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to struggler with emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.
Successful resolution of this stage results in the virtue known as love. It is marked by the ability to form lasting, meaningful relationships with other people.
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people
Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world
Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world.
Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Maturity (65 to death)
focused on reflecting back on life
At this point in development, people look back on the events of their lives and determine if they are happy with the life that they lived or if they regret the things they did or didn't do.
Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.
Source: (
https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html#:~:text=Article%20Content&text=Erikson%20maintained%20that%20personality%20develops,negative%20outcome%20for%20personality%20development
.)