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Multiple Sclerosis - Coggle Diagram
Multiple Sclerosis
References
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151595/
https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/multiple-sclerosis-overview/statistics/
https://multiplesclerosisnewstoday.com/risk-factors-for-multiple-sclerosis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109189/
https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Symptoms-Diagnosis/Diagnosing-MS
https://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ms/clinical_present.html
https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Treating-MS/Medications
https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Treating-MS/Rehabilitation
Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L., & Brashers, V. L. (2020). Understanding pathophysiology / Sue E. Huether, Kathryn L. McCance ; section editor, Valentina L. Brashers. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Treatments
Injectable, oral and infused medications are used to reduce number of relapses, delay progression of disability and limit new disease activity
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Physical therapy- walking and mobility, strength, balance and posture oriented
Speech-language pathology- evaluates and treats problems with speech and/or swallowing which can result from damage in the CNS
Cognitive rehabilitation- evaluate and treats changes in a persons ability to think, reason, concentrate or remember
Medications:
Chemotherapy- Mitoxantrone
Anti-inflammatory- Interferon beta 1a
Immunosuppressive- Peginterferon beta 1a, Azathioprine, Fingolimod, Interferon beta 1b, Glatiramer, Natalizumab
Steroid- Methylprednisolone
These medications work against MS flare-ups by reducing the severity of attacks and how often you have them.
The drugs work by lowering your immune system cells so that it won’t attack the myelin coating surrounding your nerves.
This however leaves your immune system compromised thus increasing your risk for illness.
Pathogenesis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease involving degeneration of CNS myelin, scarring (sclerosis or plaque formation), and loss of axons. It affects white and gray matter throughout the brain and spinal cord. There are multiple focal areas of myelin loss within the CNS called plaques. The plaques form when autoreactive T and B cells cross the blood–brain barrier and attack myelin, triggering release of inflammatory mediators and loss of oligodendrocytes (myelin-producing cells).
It is unclear whether genetic, environmental (lack of vitamin D), or infectious
agents may cause inflammation of central nervous system.
Prevalence/Incidence
Prevalence: 913,925 people living with MS in U.S. as of 2017
Incidence: ~ 12,000 new cases per year in the U.S.
Risk factors
Genetics, Epstein-Barr virus and human herpes virus may be factors in risk of developing MS, smoking, obesity, environmental factors such as climate (those living farther from equator), age, and being a woman
Diagnostics
There are no laboratory tests that can diagnose MS, you have to complete a series of tests including MRIs, spinal fluid analysis and blood tests in order to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. You must find evidence of damage to two separate areas of the CNS while also finding evidence that the damage occurred at different points in time.
Clinical manifestations
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Numbness, starting in feet
• Hemiparesthesia: Numbness or impaired sensation on only one half of the body
• Dysesthesia: Painful, itchy, burning or restrictive sensation.
• Heat intolerance
• Hyperflexia: Overactive/overresponsive reflexes; spastic twitching
• Motor weakness
• Optic neuritis: blurred vision, change in color perception, visual field defect, i.e.