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United Nations - Coggle Diagram

- - - - unite strength for international peace and security
      - refrain from armed force, save common interest
      - practice tolerance and live in peace
      - employ international machinery for promotion of economic and social advancement
    - - reaffirm human rights, dignity and worth of human person, equal rights
      - establish conditions for justice through international law
      - save future generations of war
      - promote social progress, life standards and freedom
  - - - drafting UN heavily influenced by failure of League
      - Keep allied powers together at all costs: veto, permanent seats SC
      - the UN as a mechanism to maintain imperialist/racist/colonial world order
- - - - 54 members
      - elected for 3 years
      - 1/3 of council replaced at a time
    - - NGOs
        
        IOM (2016)
        
        activities
        
        training of governmental staff (border control)
        
        repatriation and voluntary return
        
        visa organization
        
        managing checkpoints
        
        structure
        
        assessed and project-based contributions
        
        Based in Geneva
        
        173 member states
      - funds
      - specialized agencies (15)
        
        examples: IMF, WHO, UNESCO, ILO
        
        own funding and procedures
        
        independent IGOS
      - programs
        
        UNHRC (1951)
        
        actvities
        
        support for internally displaced persons (IDPs)
        
        education
        
        resettlement
        
        cash assistance
        
        shelter
        
        emergency support (incl. airlifts)
        
        registration
        
        structure
        
        funding based on voluntary contributions
        
        operational mandate by Executive Committee of 79 MSs selected by ECOSOC
        
        reports to UN GA
        
        predecessors
        
        United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (1944)
        
        International Refugee Organization (1947)
  - - - non-permanent
        
        elected by UN GA
        
        term of 2 years
        
        determined by geographical distribution
      - permanent
        
        Russia
        
        UK
        
        France
        
        USA
        
        China
    - - national contingents in blue helmets
      - civillian staff recruited by UN Secretariat
      - no standing army
      - peacekeeping triangle
        
        consent
        
        use of force
        
        impartiality
      - mandates
        
        protect civilians
        
        support the organization of elections
        
        maintain peace and security
        
        disarmament, demobilization, reintegration of former combatants (DDR)
        
        security sector reform (SSR)
        
        restore the rule of law
        
        promote human rights
      - finances
        
        $6,5 billion
        
        less than 0,5% of world military expenditures
        
        reimbursement for volunteering troops
      - Responsibility to Protect (R2P) (2005)
        
        responsibility to react
        
        responsibility to rebuild
        
        responsibility to prevent
    - - decisions are legally binding
      - substantive decisions
        
        9 affirmative votes
        
        must include P5
      - procedural decisions
        
        9 votes
        
        no veto possible
      - affirmative vote vs. practice of absentions
    - - last reform
        
        1965: membership extension - 11 to 15 members
      - current debate
        
        .
        
        legitimacy concerns
        
        effectiveness concerns (e.g. Syria)
        
        World Summit debate 2005
        
        size UN SC
        
        Regional distribution
        
        permanent membership (G4 + coffee club)
        
        Veto power -> responsibility not to veto?
      - conditions
        
        stalemate: so focus on
        
        more transparency
        
        less vetoes
        
        voting in UN GA
        
        2/3 majority of states need to ratify amendment
        
        2/3 majority should include P5
  - - - councils
      - joint inspection unit
      - commissions
      - United Nations dispute tribunal
      - main committees
        
        Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee
        
        Special Political and Decolonization Committee
        
        Economic and Financial Committee
        
        Administrative and Budget Committee
        
        Disarmament and International Security Committee
        
        Legal Committee
    - - annual meeting ("superbowl of diplomacy")
      - can convene in special sessions
    - - other issues: simple majority
      - UN GA decisions are recommendations, not legally binding
      - important issues: 2/3 majority
        
        peace and security
        
        election SC + ECOSOC members
        
        acceptance new members GA
        
        budgetary issues
      - Uniting for Peace Resolution
        
        origins: dispute SU and SC about China 1950
        
        If UN SC fails to reach unanimity:
        
        UN GA may establish a peace operation
        
        UN GA shall consider matter immediately
        
        emergency meetings called when:
        
        7 UN SC members are in favor
        
        majority UN GA votes in favor
    - - procedure
        
        formal application by state
        
        Secretary General
        
        3.UN SC: positive recom. (9 votes no veto)
        
        UN GA 2/3 majority
      - states and other entities
        
        non-member observer status (2)
        
        rights
        
        right to speak
        
        right to vote on procedural matters
        
        observers
        
        Holy See
        
        Palestine
        
        Switzerland (until 2002)
        
        IGOs with observer status
        
        member states (193)
        
        EU (enhanced observer status)
        
        rights
        
        right to speak
        
        right to vote on procedural matters
        
        submit proposals, amend proposals, circulate documents, etc.
        
        regional groups
        
        Eastern-Europe Group (23)
        
        Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC) (33)
        
        Asia-Pacific Group (53)
        
        Western Europe and Others Group (WEOG) (28)
        
        African Group (54)
    - - procedure
        
        ACABQ proposal
        
        5th committee review
        
        UN GA Plenary decision (consensus)
      - financing core activities
        
        6 main organs
        
        8 HQ's
        
        international conferences
        
        political missions
      - contributions
        
        min. 0,001%
        
        max. 22%
        
        withholding payments as political instrument
        
        sanctioning: loss of voting rights
- - - - appointed by UN GA on recom. SC
      - bureaucratic support other organs
      - agenda-setting role
        
        Sustainable development goals "2030 agenda" (Ban Ki-Moon)
        
        Agende for millenium development goals, "in larger freedom" (Kofi Annan 2005)
        
        "Agenda for peace, preventative diplomacy, peacemaking and peace-keeping" (Boutros-Boutros-Ghali 1992)
- - - - structure
        
        Executive board (34 members for 3 years)
        
        Director General and secretariat
        
        World Health assembly (194 MSs)
        
        6 regional offices (highly decentralized decision-making)
      - rule-making
        
        conventions
        
        regulations
        
        recommendations and non-binding standards
      - activities
        
        providing personal protective equipment
        
        Issuing guidelines for disease management (diagnosis, clinical management, etc.)
        
        collecting and pooling information on clinical trials
        
        providing test kits to developing countries
      - potential reform
        
        budget
        
        oversight
        
        enforcement