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Marine Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - sunlight
      - temperature
      - water
      - substrate - seafloor bottom (sand, rock, mud, etc)
    - - most ecosystems get energy from sunlight
      - in aphotic environments energy comes from chemicals
    - - not constantly added to ecosystems
      - recycled
        
        water cycle
        
        carbon/oxygen cycle
        
        nitrogen cycle
        
        phosphorous cycle
- - - - fluctuating salinity
      - daily periods of exposure and submersion
      - water is mostly clear
      - high biodiversity
      - plankton and nutrients washed in on tides
      - increased predation at low tied
    - - moisture retention
      - regulating body temperature
      - tolerance of salinity changes
    - - Octopus – mimicry, nest-guarding; body structure fits in tight places and changes shape
  - - - soft substrate
      - daily submersion and exposure
      - intense sunshine
      - wave shock
      - low biodiversity
    - - moisture conservation
      - maintaining stability
      - movement on soft substrate
      - protection from predation
    - - crabs - jointed appendages; dig under sand
      - mollusks - close up, dig under sand
  - - - fluctuating salinity
      - extreme temperature changes
      - alternating exposure and submersion
      - wave shock/turbulence
    - - Avoiding desiccation
      - regulating body temperature
      - stability (keep from being washed out to sea
      - wide tolerance-range for salinity
    - - clams - byssal threads
      - sea stars - tube feet
      - Barnacles - mucus
      - Periwinkle - operculum