Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Unconscious cognition - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Asking the person - whether they saw, know, etc - to test awareness
        
        If the person says no, but there is a behavioural difference to control the condition. - Assumes to be processed without awareness = unconscious (Heins, 2020)
        
        Dissociation logic = If no correlation between awareness of stimulus/process & outcome of it = unconscious
      - Subliminal - when measuring just below the threshold of consciousness (lecture 4) via an undetectable stimulus (Shanks, 2017)
        
        Done by giving vague and reduced information (lecture 4)
      - Preconscious - When you could become aware, but due to the way the experiment is set up, often people are not (Heins, 2020)
        
        Done by bringing temporary distraction or inattention(could be detectable)
      - Clinical data: looking at brain lesions from injuries
        
        Frontal lobe damage
        
        Bilateral utilisation behaviour - When you behave/do specific ways/things that you are not aware of. Unwanted actions for the person.
        
        possible explanation
        
        Longterm memory
        
        Implict memory
        
        2 more items...
        
        Explicit memory = It is declarative ex: when you talk about what you think
        
        2 more items...
        
        Some critics say we are just exaggerating unconscious power - because some say our conscious mind is completely controlled by our unconscious
        
        Visual cortex damage & Somatosensory cortex
        
        Dissociation syndromes: People who therefore are partially blind or completely, but who often accurately point at a stimulus. Or touch, when people cannot feel the needle but can point at where it is pricked.
        
        This phenomenon also occurs with people who can't recognise faces (Prosopagonia) - but will still have an emotional response to familiar faces
        
        Anterograde amnesia - when a person cannot learn new information
      - Final outcome about unconscious processing 1. it influences perception, attitudes, motivation, reasoning & behaviour. 2. We often don't know the why so we make up stories
        
        2 views
        
        reaction to dichotomy
        
        consciousness is graded: consciousness goes from none, to a bit, to completely
        
        Deniers: People who deny the importance or even existence of conscious processing
        
        Believers: People who believe we have a conscious mind. That conscious mind overrides unconscious processes.
        
        we need conscious processing for certain tasks (Johnson-Laird, 2013)
        
        proof
        
        replication failures of experiments ex: SMH, UTT
    - - No awareness
      - Not intentional response
      - Fast & automatic
      - Often practiced simple tasks
      - Stupid?
  - - - The mere exposure effect = the more you see something, the more you like it unconsciously - ex: when you listen several times to a song (Heins, 2020)
        
        When exposed to certain emotions, people act differently unconsciously/process information differently - ex: When surrounded by happy faces - people drink more & are willing to pay more for a drink
      - Implicit Association Test (IAT) = A test that assess unconscious roots of feelings & thinking. Consists of a reaction task for unconscious congruent and unconsciously incongruent on using computer created faces. For example: Can expose bias (Shanks, 2017)
      - The bystander effect = the more people are witnessing an emergency event, the less likely an individual is going to help (Heins, 2020)
        
        theory - the unconscious mind makes us invent stories to justify our behaviours
    - - Tests
        
        Somatic Marker Hypothesis(Damasio) = emotional processes guide decision making. Participants are presented with 4 decks of cards. They are told that 2 are bad, and 2 are good but they don't know which ones. People often start pressing the good decks. Measured skin response (sweat) for unconscious knowledge. Even when people did not know which one was good or bad - this measurement indicated they already knew as it went up before selecting a bad card. (Heins, 2020)
        
        has been reproduced and different results were found
        
        Unconsciously prime people with positive or negative faces. Give them the choice of a drink and ask what they would pay for it. Positive face primes people are willing to pay more for the drink
        
        Mimicry When a waiter mimics the behaviour of a customer he will get a higher tip. Yet when asked why, the customer says because the food was good (Heins, 2020)
        
        Attitude words are presented to 3 different groups. 1st group are presented rude words, 2nd group presented neutral words, 3rd group polite words. Before obtaining the results, they have to wait as the researcher is talking to the colleague. The time of interruption to get their results is timed. Group one seems to interrupt their conversation in a shorter time, whilst group 3 seems to wait the longest without interrupting. (Heins, 2020)
- - - - Implementation intentions = form specific plans ex: in preparation of an assignment - the structure of an essay - increases possibility to perform better (Baumeister et al., 2017)
      - Dual Process Theory : 1. Consciousness can have an influence on the process between automatic impulse to behaviour - ex: (Shiv & Fedorikhin, 1999) offered people cake or carrots - desire for taste (automatic) yet consciousness let to a rivalry to eat more nutritious - so towards the carrots
        
        analytical thinking (type 2) plays a role with consciousness (Pennycook et al. 2015)
        
        example
        
        Bat & ball problem : A bat & a ball cost 1.10$ in total. The bat costs 1$ more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? Asks for reflection on intuitive thinking towards type 2 (Pennycook, et al., 2015)
        
        Moral judgement
        
        ex: Man & the chicken morality - intuitive attribute of moral wrongness, even though nothing is being hurt
        
        Pro-social
        
        Humans are intuitively cooperative, but overide this by selfish reasons for gain of money
    - - Anticipated guilt - can cause people to donate more (Baumeister et al., 2017).
      - Anticipated regret - when regret is anticipated, behaviour shifts - ex: tendency to gather more information if an action may be regrettable. (Baumeister et al.)
  - - - Phenomenal awareness : between nervous system & experiencing agent (Baumeister al.) (sahre with animal) vs. conscious thought - notion of the self (human)