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Task 3 Emotion & Cognition - Coggle Diagram
Task 3 Emotion & Cognition
emotions : subjective affective states, changes in physiological arousal and expressive behaviours, feelings - an affective state = about the feel & triggered by stimulus (that is the difference with mood)
causes of emotions
Come from cognitive appraisal (stimulus in enviornement)
stimulus
Something that reminds you of your history or past
sometimes this emotion allows you to reason more logically
organises behavioural responses as they induce pleasure/pain
Types
Non basic emotions
High complex emotions are more complex because we need greater thought process as the thought of taking something away
Moral emotions = Emotions that come with good and bad, associated to societal values - emotions you feel during moral dillemas - ex: pride, guilt, jealousy, disgust (Heins, 2020)
Test
Game Theory - if you strategically induce guilt or anger people will be more likely to be cooperative (Shanks, 2017)
Prospect theory - We are more risk averse (less likely to take risks) when we focus on what you gain. Because avoiding pain is more important than gaining even more pleasure. Loss feels worse than gain.
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social emotions explain prosocial behaviour (economically unsound) (lecture 3)
Do we have unconcious emotions?
Positve emotions
More likely to make you risk averse. Because you are happy with what you have now.
Mood congruency effects = the mood you experience now influences the value and likelihood you assign to elements of decision. ex: young people tend to understimate their chance of getting infected with sexually transmitted disease
negative emotions
More likely to make you risk-taking. Because you don't especially have much more to loose. ex: sadness
However some negative emotions as Anxiety make you more risk averse
explanation
Some emotions impact the value you assign to outcomes & others impact the judgment of chance of expected values. Some emotions make us underestimate or overestimate likelihood. ex: sadness makes the now bad so you want to escape, anxiety does the contrary and makes you overestimate the risk of a negative outcome so is more risk-averse
Negative emotions make you more rational - good at Modus Tollens - ex: green poisonous mushroom
Relevant emotions
Incidental emotions = the emotions we carry from previous state to our decision & reasoning task - not reldvant for problem at hand
vs.
Integral emotion = emotion linked to the task at hand is shown not to impede on reasoning tasks
Emotions caused by a decision itself. The emotion can arise as you try to imagine the outcome of certain decisions.
This makes you jump to conclusions due to emotions then
Test
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The carryover effect - tends to have a negative effect on reasoning as it tends to blur everything
Basic emotions (6) ex: happy, sad, suprise, anger
The Affect Infusion Model (Forgas, 1995) = Emotions affect information processing (Forgas, 1995) - (Blanchette et al, 2014)
Impact on reasoning
On deductive reasoning - ability of logic
Can be a negative impact (mostly)
A study that manipulates people's moods (Oaksford et al., 1996):
Positive & negative moods were induced via videos to participants before a reasoning task
Participants were asked to reason about conditional rules
The same was done but with a group of neutral participants
Participants on the positive and negative moods were less likely to falsify and adopted more of a confirmatory strategy = emotions decrease correct reasoning - have an effect on cognitive performance
confirmation bias due to emotions
Is there such a thing as correct reasoning?
If the problem includes negatively toned words logic decreases (Blanchette & Caparos, 2011)
test via deductive tasks
If use disease/death in reasoning task vs. neutral words as car or transport
When participants reason about categorical syllogisms on controversial content, it causes emotions, and they are less likely to have correct answers than when reasoning upon neutral topics (Lefford, 1946)
Can be a positive impact
Relevant emotions
On heuristics
increases use of heuristics
Base rate task = Greater use of stereotypical information when the content of reasoning was emotional (Eliades et al., 2013)
Belief bias paradigm = Belief is stronger with emotional rather than neutral contents - suggesting greater heuristic use (Eliades et al., 2013)
Participants in both positive & negative moods are less able to identify weak slippery slope arguments (Qurasishi & Oaksford, 2014) - (Blanchette et al., 2014)
Decreases the use of heuristics
Negative emotions foster vigilance when information processing due to the consequences associated with negative invalid conclusions (Forgas, 1995)
When emotions are related to personal meaningful topics, one will be more motivated to put more effort in the task = more analytical reasoning
In a study where some people directly involved in the terrorist 2005 attacks in London reported a higher level of emotion regarding this subject, then others less involved. But individuals more involved were more analytical when reasoning about the topic. (Blanchette et al. 2014)
possible explanation
2 types of bodily responses for emotions: 1. physical (nervous system) 2. cognitive
Emotional expectivity
Mechanisms that explain the effect of emotion on reasoning
Cognitive load hypothesis: Emotions are seen as cognitive load. States of stress & anxiety reduce availability of cognitive resources.
so reasoning using heuristics should not be affected a lot as it requires less cognitive resources
Emotions activate mental images (Blanchette et al. 2014) - Emotional stimulli activates images/concepts that require additional processing resources
Nonetheless mental images may help to provide representation to solve reasoning problem
ex: war veterants reasoned more logically about the topic of war than others
Emotions indicate if situation is in accordance to goals, beliefs, and identity of the individual (Blanchette et al. 2014)
If they related to personal experience, it can increase attentional focus & engagement to the task. As it has high utility for the individual. Causing more motivation & engagement to solve a problem.
emotions affect moral judgement
Moral judgement = moral reasoning - understanding the differences between what is normatively disallowed (conventional) & truly immoral
Theories
Moral Myopia Model:
when incapable of seeing ethical issues clearly. When person only looks at one aspect of a moral dillemma instead of looking at multiple moral considerations (Landy et al. 2017)
seen as negative - does not take multiple things into account
Sometimes in this case emotions can blind you for further reasoning
The Dual Process Model
: Moral judgement more often driven by automatic, unreasoned processes, but more conscious reasoning can take over too
identifies 2 systems :
fast & intuitive
slow & deliberate
The Social Intuitionist Model
= Moral judgment caused by automatic and intuitive emotions that you have. Judges morality based on how it makes you feel (Heins, 2020)
Internal reasoning often does not play any role in producing moral judgement
produced by unconscious porcesses.
Moral Foundation Theory:
We are born with the capacity to learn moral rules helped by emotion
Morality changes based on your environment ex: harm for different cultures
When making a moral judgement Type 1 processing comes forst with emotional response
We are born with universal moral foundations (prosocial) (Heins, 2020)
Tests
The Trolley Problem
(Landy et al. 2017))
Version 1: A trolly is heading to kill 5 people on tracks. If you touch the lever next to you, the trolley will switch to a track with one man. What should you do?
if you choose to save 5 people instead of the original 1
Reasoning - would say it is morally right as it maximizes the good
System 2. Promotes utilitarianism (maximizes good)
Automatic processes - leads to judging this problem as morally wrong because it goes against the deontological rule to "not kill"
System 1. More prone to judge based on deontology (what is your duty)
Version 2: Same situation as 1, but instead of a lever to stop the trolley from killing five people, you must push a man off the bridge, killing him. What do you do?
this one feels more wrong as you actively choose to kill someone. It is you taking the action
More incline towards
The emotional response makes it a hard problem - whereas if looking at it from an economic point of view, it is basic maths (lecture 3)
So often people need to use type 2 processing to override the emotional response
Morality = defining what is right and wrong in behaviour