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Problem Solving: When a problem is presented to you and you must find a…
Problem Solving: When a problem is presented to you and you must find a solution (outcome of the thinking process)
Elements
B. Givens = A condition a person has to deal with when solving problems ex: The fact that you have a car or live close to school
C. Obstacles= things that interfere between current state and goal state (an additional problem) ex: time pressure
A. Problem = when gap between current state & goal state ex: Need to go to school but there is a snow storm
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Ill-defined problem = when a problem is not well defined or not specific - aspects of the problem are missing ex: writing an essay for a class without an assigned topic
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D. Means = The act that are performed on the obstacles to solve the problem ex: cognitive means = mental imagery, verbalisation, memory retrieval
Typical Tasks
Mental representation = to help problem solving - can clarify goal state & obstacles/givens (can sometimes make it easier or harder to solve)
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Problem Space Approach = You must navigate through the problem space - heuristics may be used to shorten paths
Algorithms - uses known algorithm to solve the problem ex: how rules of division to solve a division problem
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Working Backwards - When start from the goal and work backwards to see what is needed in order to solve the problem ex: pencil & maze
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Familiarity to the problem facilitates the problem solving - ex: were stuck in the same situation previously and had found a solution that you can use again
Stages of problem solving (Vernon et al, 2016)
Incubation stage = When implicit associations are formed even after abandon /putting the problem aside. Your mind tries to continue & solve the problem. If leave the problem for a bit, it may lead to insight
Insight problem = when you have a eureka moment "ahhhaaa" (sudden insight) - often occurs when problem is difficult to solve & brings satisfaction (Beaty et al., 2014)
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the waterlilies problem - Batch of lily pads that double in quantity everyday, how long does it take for the lake to be completely covered, if on day 2 the lake is halfway covered
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Creativity (Vermont et al, 2016)
can help problem solving (brings novelty & usefulness) - Novelty, Quality, regularity
Standardised creativity test - performed an RAT on people standing in a box, others outside of a box. Often people outside the box completed more correct answers (Barr, 2018)
Measurement
Unusual uses test (Christensen, 2020) - Gave a list of objects to participants and they had to find a function for them (not the most common one)
Remote Association Test (Mednick)- Asks subjects to read three words & provide the one that brings them all together - ex: Cream/skate/water = Ice (Barr, 2018)
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Conscious or Unconscious
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It is a dual process (Barr, 2018) - starts unconsciously but big analytical part to creativity - the two processes working together as we reevaluate
Stages of Creative thinking (Wellis) - (Vernon, et al. 2016)
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- Insight stage - when solution seems to arrive suddenly!
- Verification Stage - when you need to verify the creative solution
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Role of Reason & intuition (the feeling that you have before solving a problem, it just comes to you)
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