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The Great Rationality Debate - Rationalism (purest form) = How do we…
The Great Rationality Debate -
Rationalism
(purest form) = How do we obtain knowledge?
Via Irrationality (when more experience based & inductive)
Perspectives
Wason Selection Card Task
- Shows that we are irrational. The improvement between the two version of the task demonstrates our use of inductivist learned rules (Heins, 2020) But irrationality does not mean bad!
Evidences of irrationality (Evans, 2013)
we deny & ignore base rates (Carl) - ex: When identify UCM student even when base rates are given
We use emotion
Emotion generally makes us irrational
We have prosocial behaviour
ex: giving blood to people
The Conjunction effect (Thrisky & Kahaneman) - when we think the odds of someone or something indentifying to two groups in more probable than just one
The Framing effect - the effect of description on decision
Use of experience
Biases & Heuristics
Kahaneman Prospect theory
- People tend to rely on simple rules (heuristics) & prior beliefs (biases) (Pennycook, 2018)
The Allais paradox
Independence axiom
When things that are the same across options are not be counted because they are the same!
Freskin
Via Rationality - Pure thoughts & reason
Perspectives
Bounded Rationality
- We are capable of rationality, but that can in exception be constrained, ex: by time, tiredness, affect of emotions - Acceptance of heuristics, but just expection of the rule (Herbert Simon) (Heins, 2020)
The rationality thesis
- If the conditions are right then we can use the rational mind to reason. Accept that there are exceptions as Wason but these are just exceptions (Heins, 2020)
Possibility of error
ex: belief bias - when people tend to accept logically valid arguments when they believe the conclusion
Cognitive limitations
framing effect - values change depending on how they are presented - if presented as gain (still an exception considered as irrationality - but seen as a manipulation for the rational)
Heuristics & intuition - Dual process theory evans
Yet!! - An individual is still rational if achieving personal goal - even if dis not objective normative rationality
= My personal perception!
Johnathan Evans
- defends rationality but can't deny taht irrationality exists too if rationality does. He points out the problem of the irrationality perspective. We have 2 kinds of minds (instrumental - bounded & epistemic) We have bounded rationality, yet we are also human so we are curious. (Evans, 2013)
Instrumental rationality
- When prioritizing decisions based on maximum expected utility - ex: When a person continues to smoke even though it is bad for them, but it gives them pleasure
Epistemic rationality
= Purely for knowledge sake ex: Art
Unbounded Rationality
- we are capable of rationality & we always go for highest expected value (Heins, 2020)
Logic, deduction
Dysrationalia
(Stanovich et al., 2016) - Some poeple seem less rational than expected becuase they have a lower level of intelligence
Evidence
emotions
can make you more rational - often by adding negative emotion or fear, you can become more rational ex: green poisonous mushroom task
Satisficing - When taking a decision, you first look at all possible alternatives
types
Episteme
- correct reasoning about facts (Evans, 2020)
Phronesis
- reasoning about the right action to perform (Evans, 2020)
Relevance of Debate
Evolution (Heins, 2020)
Aristotle - to find scientific knowledge = observation & induction
Scientific revolution - More rationalist - ex: Copernicus
Before 70s/80s rationality = logical reasoning
That is the difficulty of the debate - There is an asssumption that rational is good & irrational is bad - but that is not true! Must be careful!
No good or bad in rationality vs. irrationality