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COVID- 19 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Severe setback to avg living std across all country groups
      - 90 million ppl could fall below $ 1.90 a day income threshold of extreme deprivation in 2020
      - Reverse the progress made since 1990s in reducing global poverty and will increase inequality
    - - global extreme poverty is expected to rise in 2020 for first time in 20 yrs
      - 88 - 115 million ppl pushed into extreme poverty in 2020
    - - NEed to ensure financial protection - health coverage scheme like Ayushman Bharat, pr pvt health insurance
    - - govt response
        
        COVID-19 eco response team
        
        under FM
        
        to take/implement steps to reduce financial difficulties
      - recom to weaken its eco impact
        
        cash transfers to vulnerable sections - eg :honk kong - 10000 $ to to residents
        
        EMI holiday for prescribed period - relief for individuals, businesses facing job loss, salary cuts, revenue loss
        
        to service/manufacturing sectors affected
        
        govt to give loan guarantee (become guaranteer)
        
        temporary tax relief
        
        how to finance all this
        
        national response - by pooling resources from centre/states
        
        innovative ideas - utilise expertise and financial minds from private sector
        
        tax efficient bonds - to raise funds, by tapping from large pool of domestic savings
  - - - Affected the delivery of essential services
        
        Routine immunisation
        
        Mental health services
        
        Out patients and in- patients services for non-communicable diseases affected (High BP, Diabetes, Cancer, Heart disease )
        
        Result
        
        could lead to 60% more maternal deaths due to non availability of clean birth environment plus above reasons
        
        could increase prevalence of wasting( low weight for height) in children by 10% to 50 %
    - - Remedy - including response to violence against women as an essential service
    - - Women income declined by more than 60% during first month of pandemic
      - Many women lost their work and livelihoods - pandemic has affected informal sector the most - affected income of women
      - As per India Voluntary Review 2020 - female LFPR showing declining trend for 15-59 age group (25.3 % LFPR)
      - Rise in demand of unpaid care work
        
        Remedy?
        
        Empowering women with skills - eg DISHA
        
        DISHA
        
        Partnership b/w UNDP and India Devlopment Foundation, supported by IKEA Foundation
        
        aim to support 1 million underprivileged women in India to learn marketable skills and connect with income opportunities
        
        helps women to become economically self sufficient via training, employment and entrepreneurial skill development etc
        
        We require more such initiatives - will address gender equality issues and help to increase India's GDP bcz IMF estimated that = participation of women in workforce will increase India's GDP by 27%
  - - - Rural people are cutting down on food consumption - most impacted social groups - Dalits and Most impacted state - Jharkhand
      - Migrants suffered most -
        
        have less access to food security schemes
        
        lost livelihood during first phase
        
        community kitchens to be estb for migrants eg - Amma canteen - affordable food to migrants in TN
      - less protein intake - bcz of cutting down on milk, veg, egg , pulses. - will impact child's nutrition
      - way forward
        
        reviving PM GArib Kalyan Yojana
        
        expand PMKGY - to include nutritious food like pulses
        
        solve existinng issues in MGNREGA - delays in wages
        
        giving utmost priority to children - ramp up existing schemes
        
        providing ration to children via MDMS, Anganwadis, PDS
    - - first wave - migrants gaye ghar ko wapas
      - rural areas - served as refuge to majority of migrant population
      - played role in economy revival
      - second wave -
        
        worst impact - areas - Bihar, UP, Jharkhand - why bcz of lack of health infra and low availability of health professionals
        
        highest shortfall in availability of
        
        PHC - Jharkhand highest - 73%
        
        Sub centre - Bihar 58% see sand t test copy last page
        
        already predicted still scene worst why?
        
        lack of governance in improving health infra and in contaning spread
        
        Centre's role
        
        Active decisions on issues - aggravate situation - eg
        
        prolonged electineering with no proper precautions
        
        religious gatherings - mahakumbh
        
        state's misgovernance
        
        eg -UP State govt challenged the directions of Allahabad HC to impose lockdowns in SC
        
        c/z were countered with threats of legal action on voicing concerns over state of health infra
        
        lack of proper testing
        
        directed ppl to pvt health care providers - high expenses -large majority left out to avail services
        
        economic
        
        1 led to chronic poverty
        
        depletion of savings
        
        lost primary source of income and even if saved some that goes to pvt health expenditure which my lead to 1 and 2
- - - - ECHO
        
        massive global movement of knowledge and democratization
        
        to amplify capacity to deliver and extend equitable healthcare and other critical resources to world's most vulnerable populations
        
        use tele mentoring to upskill helathcare professionals by conducting virtual training sessions with their partners
- - - - sustain with aggressive testing
      - close watch on weekly moving avg of test positivity rate
      - Genome sequenceing - to keep a watch on emergence of new variants of SARS COv 2
  - - - realistic assessment of needs shall be made as a precautionary measure to tackle the third wave of the pandemic
- - - - breathing air , drinking water, eating contaminated food, hand to mouth contact
  - - - reversing degradation of ecosystems - landscapes , lakes, oceans to regain their ecologcal functionality
      - to improve productivity and capacity of ecosystems in order to meet needs of society
      - can be done by allowing natural regenration of overexploited ecosystems like - planting trees
      - will help to end poverty, combating CC and preventing mass extinction
- - - - efficacy 70%
      - based on Oxford Astazeneca vaccine
      - by Serum Institute of India
    - - by Bharat Biotech and ICMR
  - - - By WHO as Reluctance of refusal to vaccine despite the availability of vaccines
    - - Lack of communication
      - No transparency
      - hasty approval process
      - No satisfactory clinical proofs
      - risk associated with vaccines
      - Religious suspicions and rumors
      - underdeveloped public health system
      - anti vaccine movements in West
      - hume to kuch nai hoga type people- complacency
      - lack of confidence in effectiveness, safety
      - lack of convenience in availability, accessebility
    - - completely against vaccines
      - accept but doubtful of its use
      - do not want and wish to derive benefits of herd immunity
    - - prevents herd immunity -disease outbreaks and pandemics will prevail
      - wide spread of infection - more mutations and new variants - bcz usko host milta rahega yeh karne ke liyew
    - - building confidences in vaccines
        
        understand reason behind hesitancy
        
        encourage leaders in family, community or organisations to be vaccine champions
        
        educate ppl about v
        
        sharing key msgs via multiple channels that people trust eg tv ,radio
        
        ensure easy access to vaccines
- - - - Cost effective than RT-PCR
      - Can be operated with minimal training
      - takes less time ~ 1 hr
  - - - RNA to DNA then PCR - amplification of gene /DNA
      - laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific genetic sequence for analysis
    - - operated by molecular biologist
      - very expensive
      - requires specialists, highly trained analysts
      - requires expensive item of equipment
        
        need difft temp every two minutes and repeated - expensive thermal cycler and real time PCR machines needed
        
        Real time PCR components are impoerted
        
        PCR based reagents/chemicals used for testing - stores and transported at - 20 degree C - deep freezers needed - escalate the entire cost of test
      - time consuming more than 8 hours to process further time increase in remote places
      - no capacity to keep pace with increasing demand
      - high end lab cannot be deployed at remote location
  - - - rapid- 45-60 mins
      - donot require expensive detection isntruments - fluroscent
      - do not require expensive reagents or instruments - thermal cycler
      - only a constant temp - 60 degree C used hence isothermal
      - can be done in single test tube with minimal expertise
      - reagents stored at 4 degrre in ordinary fridge
      - kit components easily available and can be completely mfgd in India
      - 100 % specificity
      - can be done at bus stops airports
      - hence ideal diagnosing tool for India condition
    - - looped mediated isothermal amplification
      - RNA to DNA
      - but lamp techq for amplification of DNA
      - induces strong colorimetric reaction
      - aka isothermal method
      - 100 - 200 rs
      - 95% specificity
- - - - ef bird flu - TN, Kereal - chciken sale come down - economy activity comes down
- - - - Pandemic - temporary in nature, once it eases there could be resurgence in terror activities
      - Aggravation of poverty in developing nations due to COVID could provide ground for recruitment and intensified religious indoctrination
      - Reorganising and Rebuilding themselves during pandemic
      - Engaged in quiet process of garnering resources for future lethal assaults against India and other countries in neighbourhood that are considered as anti -Islamic by such outfits
- - - - Priority to undertrials
      - those positive - islolate and hospitalised
    - - by using CrPC Amend of 2005(Sec 436A) i.e. release of undertrials if they have completed half of the punishment for which they
        
        release of prisoners if undergone detention for a period extending up to one half of max period of imprisonment specified for that offence
- - - - Affordable rental housing complexes under PMAY - Urban
        
        need
        
        need- decent rental housing at their work sites or closer
        
        to address the Reverse migration of urban migrants/poor
        
        urban migrants live in slum, unauthorised colonies
        
        expected benefits
        
        decent living env for urban migrants/poor
        
        economically productive use of govt funded vacant houses
        
        sustained workforce and increased productivity
        
        effective utilisation of vacant land by public/pvt entities
        
        promoting new investment opportunity and entrepreneurship
        
        2 models
        
        existing govt funded vacant houses converted to ARHC via PPP
        
        construction, oper and maint of ARHC by pub/pvt entities on their own vacant land
      - on lines of post-war reconstruction in Europe, Japan and South Korea
- - - - PM Garib Kalyan Yojana
      - Cash transfer under PM KISAN
      - More liberal financing under MGNREGA
      - Empowering poor, labourer, migrants via Atma Nirbhar Bharat scheme