Human Rights
UN & Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration adopted by the UN
Created in in 1948
Guarantees the basic rights afforded to all human beings
List of rights contains 30 articles and a preamble
Background
After the world war 2 ended, several nations came together, and in 1945, formed an international peacekeeping organization called the UN
The entire goal of the UN was to prevent another global war from ever occurring again, and they promised to do this by promoting universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
in 1946, they set up a commission to draft a universal declaration of rights, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt that explained exactly what those fundamental rights and freedoms entailed
In 1948, the member states of the UN approved the declaration with a vote of 48-0, although 8 nations did abstain from voting for various reasons
Some thought that the declaration should only include natural rights, those granted by God or nature, such as the rights to happiness, safety, and health
Others favored positive rights, or rights agreed upon by people through institutions like the law (this includes things like protection from racial discrimination)
Significance and Impact
The entire goal of the Declaration was to define the terms ''fundamental freedoms'' and ''human rights,'' not to legally force nations to agree to any specific actions
In this regard, the Declaration has been incredibly influential, with parts of it being adopted into nearly every national constitution written since 1948, as well as most international laws, treaties, and other international agreements
People and nations are often held to standards that are not simply defined by law, rather, the Declaration defined a moral obligation that all members of the UN are expected to uphold, and there can be some pretty strong international pressure to do so
The International Bill of Human Rights, an official international treaty of human rights, contains the entire Declaration within it
To date, the United Nations has developed nine core international human rights treaties that oversee, implement, and enforce human rights across the world (all of these treaties are based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in one way or another)
UNDHR
Indian Vs. Pakistan's Constitution
India's Constitution
Right to equality
Right to Freedom
Right Against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional remedies
Pakistan's Constitution
freedom of speech
freedom of thought
freedom of information
freedom of religion
freedom of association
freedom of the press
freedom of assembly
right to bear arms
Differences Between Both Constitution
While the preamble to the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan begins with an invocation of “Almighty Allah” and mentions the “Founder of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah”, the Constituent Assembly of India had rejected any reference to God or to the Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi.
Pakistan’s constitution, unlike India’s, recognises the right to privacy (which was declared a fundamental right by the Supreme Court last year), and the right to education for children from ages 5 to 16. (The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, gave this right to Indian children between ages 6 and 14.)
Pakistan’s constitution guarantees the right to information (India passed The Right to Information Act in 2005), and declares human dignity as inviolable.