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WHAT IS CULTURE, SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR, CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONS, CULTURAL…

- - - - Triandis
        
        vertical collectivism
        
        horizontal collectivism
        
        vertical individualism
        
        horizontal individualism
    - - cross-cultural effects
  - - - encouragement of getting ahead through competition
    - - maintenance and fostering of social order, respect for tradition
  - - - outward-oriented
        
        spirituality, collectivism, conservatism
    - - cognitive apprehension and pessimism
      - belief of suppression by powerful others
  - - - faced more threats
  - - - distinguish through internal attributes
- - - - independence
      - interdependence
  - - - adapting to social environment
  - - - social coordination and human culture
    - - histories, traditions, customs, and heritage
- - - - social complexity
        
        need for social coordination
        
        culture
- - - - chastity
    - - more accepted in industrialized, capitalistic and affluent cultures
  - - - rate love as essential
      - higher divorce rates
      - high marriage rates
    - - alliance between families
      - love should grow from the marriage
- - - - kinship sentiment
    - - equal status among groups
      - groups have a common goals
      - situation requires cooperation
      - groups recieved support from authorities, law, or custom
    - - decategorization
        
        me/you
        
        separate individuals
        
        leads to behavioural change
      - recategorization
        
        recategorizing to ''we''
        
        cognitive change
        
        recategorizing to ''us+them = we''
        
        affective change
      - categorization
        
        we/they
  - - - consequences for mental and physical health
      - creates hostile environment
      - lowers productivity and problem solving abilities
      - hypersensitivity hypothesis
- - - - negative emotions
        
        negative attributions
        
        negative stereotype forming
- - - - limited exposure, orienting strategies, different self-schemas
- - - - more commitment
      - greater degree of harmony, cohesion, and cooperation
- - - - need for cognitive closure
        
        negatively correlated with adjustment
- - - - greater conflict and disagreement across status hierarchies
      - less afraid of disagreeing with boss
      - more cooperation
      - stronger work ethic
  - - - stronger code of conduct
      - competition between employees is disapproved of
      - loyality to employer
      - employee's pessimism about company's motives
    - - competition between employees should be fair and right
      - rules may be broken for pragmatic reasons
      - higher tolerance for ambiguity about own job
      - greater achievement motivation
      - stronger ambition for individual advancement
  - - - more compliance with company policies
      - greater degree of reliance
      - refrain from behaviours that threaten company harmony
      - managers choose duty, expertness, and prestige as life goals
      - more years of schooling needed, importance of training and skills
      - emotional dependence on company
- - - - stronger
        
        lower turnover intentiones in UK samples
    - - ''fine-tuning'' is seen as a luxury problem
- - - - lack of coordination, lack of activity, or duplicate activity
  - - - interpersonal interdependence
  - - - greater opportunity to be one's own boss
    - - US
        
        manager has high well-being, workers experience stress
- - - - frequent use of manuals and procedures
      - frequent guidance from supervisors
    - - low
        
        subordinates negatively evaluate close supervision
        
        managers admit need for support
        
        managers are seen as more considerate
        
        managers make decisions after consulting with subordinates
    - - high
        
        managers selected based on seniority
        
        suspicion toward foreigners as managers
    - - managers aspire to leadership instead of conformity
      - managers rate having autonomy important compared to the security in their position
      - individual decisions are considered better than group decisions
- - - - goes down when talking to a boss
    - - goes down less than Korea
  - - - goes up when talking to a boss
  - - - goes up when talking to a boss
      - dependent on hierarchy
- - - - better judgement of character
- - - - bad in resource-scarce environment
      - value of harmony
    - - adaptive, more feeding care
    - - behavioural inhibition
  - - - differences in genetics and reproductive histories
      - environmental and cultural pressures over generations
  - - - attachment as innate mechanism
        
        survival strategy
      - secure
      - ambivalent
      - avoidant
    - - caregivers respond differently to children
        
        differences in parental sensitive responsiveness
        
        differences in secure/benevolent attachment
      - strange situation test
        
        less baby sitters
        
        more ''insecure'' towards strangers
      - Piaget's stage model
        
        cultural differences in reaching stages
        
        value of formal operational stage
  - - - children actively participate in their development
      - sensorimotor stage
        
        0-2 years
        
        mental symbols as representations
        
        object permanence
        
        observational learning
        
        language acquisition
      - pre-operational stage
        
        conservation
        
        centration
        
        irreversibility
        
        egocentrism
        
        animism
        
        no logical and systematic thinking
      - formal operational stage
        
        ability to think logically about abstract concepts
        
        systematic and thoughtful problem-solving
  - - - dilemma of Heinz
      - pre-conventional morality
      - conventional morality
      - post-conventional morality
    - - autonomy
      - community
      - divinity
- - - - physical & social setting
      - customs of child care & child rearing
      - psychology of caregivers
  - - - physical health and survival
      - focus on goal of instilling cultural values
    - - prototypically western
      - differences in emotional closeness, geographic distance, and contact
    - - prototypically non-western & collectivistic
      - emotionally and geographically close
    - - high
        
        more educational opportunities
        
        more guided interaction
      - low
        
        less willingness to guide their children
  - - - urbanization
      - industrialization
      - material independence
    - - emotional relevance of children
      - economic value of children
- - - - expectancy of unquestioned obedience
      - more demanding, less explanation
      - adult-centred
    - - more explanative and communicative
      - caucasian
        
        associated with higher grades, more positive mood, higher social skills
  - - - protection
      - guided learning
      - reciprocity
      - group participation
      - control
  - - - socialization goals
        
        pursuing own goals
        
        uniqueness
      - less co-sleeping
      - exclusivity of mother-child dyad
      - less body contact and body stimulation
      - face-to-face contact and object stimulation
    - - socialization goals
        
        social harmony
        
        obedience
        
        respect towards elders
      - more body contact
      - less face-to-face contact
      - co-sleeping as bonding
        
        eco-cultural context
      - tight social network
- - - - differences in parental expectations
      - effect on cognition
        
        mirror-recognition test
- - - - integrators
      - emotion regulation
      - cultural fit hypothesis
  - - - difficult to define biculturalism
      - no co-existence
    - - maintenance.adaptation
    - - domain specificity
  - - - defining oneself by individual traits
    - - lack of norms
    - - preference
        
        assimilation quadrant
      - perception
        
        separation quadrant
    - - preference
        
        integration quadrant
    - - dissimilarities
        
        diffculty intergrating
        
        increased acculturative stress
        
        negatively impacting psychological and socio-cultural adaptation
      - lower distance
        
        more similarities
        
        more support for maintenance
  - - - globalization
        
        media
    - - learning about heritage culture
- - - - plural societies
        
        melting pot
        
        salad bowl
      - state integration policies
        
        pluralist ideology
        
        immigrant adopts public values of host culture
        
        state can't regulate private values
        
        individual liberties
        
        state values maintenance of immigrant culture
        
        civic ideology
        
        immigrant adopts public values of host culture
        
        state can't interfere with private values
        
        no endorsement from state for maintenance of immigrant culture
        
        assimilation ideology
        
        immigrant adopts public values of host culture
        
        expectation of abandonment of immigrant cultural distinctiveness
        
        adopting host values
        
        imposed assimilation
        
        in favour of the privileged class
        
        promise of assimilation is made, not always followed through
        
        ethnist ideology
        
        immigrants must adopt public values of host culture
        
        state has a right to limit expression of certain aspects of private values
        
        no expectation of full assimilation
  - - - mariginalization
        
        negative mental health
- - - - how prototypical is the assessment
- - - - honour culture/killing
      - violence against women
      - power differences and intra-group oppression
    - - oppression vs. source of freedom
- - - - acculturative stress of 2nd generation immigrants
- - - - innate feelings of (dis)approval
      - cultural differences in implementation
- - - - stigma-by-association
- - - - twenty statements test
        
        focus more on dispositional descriptions
        
        description in context and specific situations
- - - - crystallized culture
  - - - degree of internalization
      - unidimensional view
        
        strong co-existence of cultures cannot exist
      - multidimensional view
        
        Berry's model
        
        motivation to maintain heritage culture
        
        motivation to adopt host culture
  - - - public vs. private domain
    - - culture as situation-dependent
      - Cultural frame switching (CFS)
        
        cultural mindset activated by presented cultural icons
        
        top-down approach of priming
        
        activation of various culture-related aspects
        
        use of global cultural knowledge structures
    - - cultural orientations and behaviours + situational factors
      - monoculturals can also adapt
      - individual vs collective conceptualization of the self is triggered
      - bottom-up approach
      - structures based on social identities
    - - manipulation of cultural orientations
      - temporary accessibility
        
        chronic accessibility
      - language
        
        ''magnet of meaning''
- - - - prototypically western
    - - prototypically Eastern
      - honorific speech
  - - - paralinguistic cues
        
        tone
        
        intonation
        
        pitch
        
        volume
    - - speech illustrators
        
        big gestures vs. less expression
      - emblems
    - - associated with dominance
        
        respect vs disrespect
- - - - cognitive + behavioural
    - - motivational + behavioural
- - - - sending signals
    - - receiving and translating messages
      - cultural filter
      - shared expectations
  - - - motivational factors
        
        openness to new information
      - knowledge factors
        
        knowledge from different perspectives
      - skill factors
        
        tolerating ambiguity, ability to empathize, adapt communication
      - uncertainty reduction
        
        focus on content
  - - - misunderstandings
    - - more constructive and open thought processes
- - - - relevance of validity
        
        breadth of samples
        
        mixed methodology (behaviour > self-report)
        
        time of assessment
        
        incremental validity
    - - experiental-culture general
      - experiential-culture specific
      - didactic-culture general
      - didactic-culture specific
- - - - creative individuals who follow norms
    - - creative individuals who seek cross-functional support for their efforts
  - - - mutually exclusive categories
      - naíve dialectivism
        
        never clear cut, always middle ground
  - - - ''if only i did this''
      - universal
- - - - cultural associations
      - cultural differences in valued tasks
  - - - genes and ecology
      - IQ
      - bell curve
    - - IQ
        
        social class
      - differences in definition of intelligence
      - adoption
      - SES
        
        determines whether you can realize your full potential
      - environment
        
        educational opportunities and curriculum
        
        beliefs, attitudes
        
        family climate
- - - - carpentered world theory
      - front-horizontal foreshortening theory
      - racial differences in retinal pigmention
- - - - display rules
        
        normative rules
        
        we alter emotional expression depending on who we're with
      - modulating learned emotional expressions
    - - stimuli determines display rules
      - adapting emotional expression to many different contexts and events
    - - US: positive effect of self-esteem
      - US: more internal attribution
- - - - evaluation (pleasantness), potency, activity
    - - evaluation
    - - evaluation, potency, activtion, unpredictability
      - smaller circle means less variance
        
        more universal
- - - - deamplification of pride when pride is relevant to others
    - - more expressed pride during international competitions for Chinese
- - - - western and non-western samples
        
        all cultures however were literate, industrialized, and modern
      - bias in stimuli and method
      - forced-choice paradigm, ecological validity, context effects
      - recognition rates are lower in non-western cultures
      - post- original universality studies
        
        infants shown to display basic emotions
        
        congenially blind individuals display facial expressions
        
        emotion response system coherence
        
        seventh basic emotion; contempt
- - - - symptoms that seem to cluster together for specific cultural groups
      - culture-bound syndrome
        
        ethnocentric term
    - - ways cultural groups communicate about their distress
        
        somatization
        
        prototypical for collectivistic cultures
        
        psychologization
        
        prototypical for individualistic cultures
    - - what cultural groups believe is the cause of distress
- - - - social support
    - - increased relapse rates in western countries
  - - - embodied emotional experiences
      - distress of social harmony
      - insomnia
      - Asin - more emotional expression
- - - - disparities in SES
  - - - masks mental health issues
- - - - language barriers
      - stigma and mistrust
      - beliefs on health and illness
      - social structures and policies
- - - - exploratory vs. hypothesis testing studies
        
        broad scope vs. explicit explanation
      - presence vs. absence of contextual factors
      - structure vs. level-oriented
      - individual vs. ecological level
        
        individual data vs. country/culture units of analysis
- - - - decentring
        
        developing same instrument simultaneously and only using common items
      - convergence
        
        independently developing instruments
      - qualitative pilot studies
    - - standard protocol + monitoring
      - intercultural competence
      - field work
  - - - representativeness of culture
      - equivalence on non-cultural demographic variables
    - - stimulus familiarity
      - response styles
        
        extremity responding
        
        fence-sitting
    - - independent/group setting
      - ambiguous instruction
      - communication problems
    - - equivalence of semantics
    - - item not working same across culture
        
        applicability
        
        culture connotations
        
        translation errors
  - - - systematic tendency to respond in a certain way
        
        socially desirable responding
        
        acquiscence bias
        
        tendency to agree rather than disagree
        
        less in individualistic cultures
        
        extreme response bias
        
        reference group effect
  - - - using one's own group standard as the universal standard
      - relevancy of western-based test concepts
    - - subjective wording
        
        subjective evaluation
    - - belief perseverance effect
      - accomodation
    - - low-effort syndrome
- - - - health disparities
      - ethnic majorities/minorities
    - - lower levels of stress
  - - - opinion on suicide
      - environment
        
        contemplation of suicide
      - reasons for contemplation
      - de-stigmatization
- - - - survival vs. self-expression
        
        affluent and harsh climate
        
        more focus on self-expression
      - best to move from harsh to mild climates
      - climatic-fit perspective
        
        higher deviation has worse outcomes
    - - interdependent cultures
      - more traditional views
    - - independent
- - - - positivist, naturalistic, views disease as resulting from a specific, identifiable cause
    - - systems approach, disease results from biological, social, and psychological factors
- - - - CHD
      - asymptomatic atherosclerosis
      - suppressed immune functioning
    - - CHD risk
      - hyper tension
      - higher heart rate
    - - reduced longevity
      - increased incidence of objectively diagnosed serious illness
  - - - lower incidence of CHD
      - greater longevity
    - - greater longevity
  - - - self-concept
- - - - universality
      - five factor model (FFM)
        
        top-down
        
        ''imposed etic''
        
        Western ideas are constructed to fit other settings
        
        factor analysis
        
        substance challenge
        
        FFM is less replicable across cultures
        
        prominent factors do not emerge (Openness)
        
        methodological challenge
        
        more sources of cross-cultural bias than can be measured
        
        gap in equivelence
        
        high level detailing the equivalence testing
        
        low level detailing on the theories about constructs and their cross-cultural relevance
        
        five factor theory (FFT)
        
        biological basis of personality traits
      - transport and test
        
        measurement equivalence
    - - indigenous
      - explore and discover
      - bottom-up approach
        
        analysed whether cultural descriptions have something in common with Western ideas
        
        tendency to emphasize uniqueness
        
        face is regarded as culture-specific while it may be more universal (identity management)
        
        less reliable/valid, less standardized measures
      - examples
        
        african model of personality
        
        ashanti personality
        
        ubuntu personality
        
        amae personality
    - - methodological rigor
      - cultural sensitivity
      - CPAI
        
        bottom-up generation of indigenous personality traits
        
        indigenous traits
        
        intererpersonal relatedness
        
        not found in the FFM or NEO-PI-R
        
        renqing
        
        universal traits
        
        openness did not load on any CPAI factors
      - SAPI
        
        bottom-up approach for personality descriptives in 11 languages
        
        indigenous
        
        more elaborated on social and relational aspects of personality
        
        integrity
        
        intellect
        
        relationship harmony
        
        universal
        
        openness was well-represented