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Equivalence Types - Coggle Diagram
Equivalence Types
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J.C. Catford
Shifts - departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL, departures that can occur at linquistic level and in phonology, grammar and lexis.
Level shifts (where an SL item at one linguistic level, for example grammar, has a TL equivalent at a different level, for instance lexis)
Category shifts
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Class-shifts (when a SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class, i.e. a verb may be translated with a noun)
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Intra-system shifts (occur when SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.)
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Y.I.Retsker
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not only denotational, but also connotational component of lexical meaning is taken into account
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Monia Bayar
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cultural equivalence (aims at the reproduction of whatever cultural features the ST holds into the TT)
semantic equivalence (relies on the preservation of many semantic criteria: denotation, connotation and propositional content)
Formal equivalence (designates an area of correspondence ranging around the word, albeit involving lower units such as the phoneme or the morpheme)
V.N. Komissarov
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the level of formal equivalence Ex.1Every mother loves her children. – Каждая мать любит своих детей.
the level of the invariant meaning of the syntactic structure
Ex 1. We had a long walk. – Шли мы долго.
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means of description of the situation
Ex: 1. Scrubbing makes me bad-tempered. = My mood grows bad due to floor washing.
V. G. Gak and Ju.Levin
Semantic equivalence Ex: “Troops were airlifted to the battlefield” – «Войска были переброшены по воздуху на поле боя».
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