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Ecology of Parenting - Coggle Diagram
Ecology of Parenting
Macrosystem Influences on Parenting
Political Ideology
Autocracy
father in charge
women/children few rights
Democracy
equal power
mutual decisions
Religious influence
= purpose is to obey God
National influence
= purpose is to serve country
Ethnic influence
= purpose is to serve family
Progressive influence
= purpose is to achieve & compete
Socioeconomic Status
Low
obedience, respect, cleanliness, stay out of trouble
authoritarian, physical discipline, unquestioning obedience
High
happiness, ambition, independence, self-control
authoritative, reasonable & receptive
Middle
Religion, Culture, Ethnicity
Collectivistic Oriented
Authority:
ascribed / hierarchal
Relationships
: cooperative
Communication:
indirect / nonverbal
Emotions:
outward or inward
Discipline:
obedience, imitation, sense of obligation
Skills
: sharing, helping, interaction, group loyalty
Individualistic Oriented
Authority:
achieved / egalitarian
Relationships
: competitive
Communication:
direct / verbal
Emotions:
Open w/all or just intimate others
Discipline:
reasoning, learn by doing, sense of independence
Skills:
self-expression, personal choice & responsibility, decision making, individual achievement
Exosystem Influence: parental occupation
Middle-class occupations
interpersonal skills
self-direction
considerate of others
intellectually curious
behavioral importance: attitudes & motives
Lower-class occupations
strict supervision
conformity & obedience
good manners
do well in school
behavioral importance: consequences & characteristics
Chronosystem Influences on Parenting
Pre- Eighteenth Century
Children abandoned if parents too poor
Purpose of children - help parents
adult-centered parenting
Eighteenth Century
seen & not heard
strict discipline
immediate obedience expected
Nineteenth Century
child-centered parenting
focus on needs & welfare of the child
mold children w/love & affection
Twentieth Century
Early
rigid scheduling
restricted handling of children
early conditioning through behavioral reinforcement
Middle
parents love & enjoy children
child self-regulation
flexible guidance -less rigid
Late
focus on intellectual development
love, hold, enjoy
importance of children feeling loved
Microsystem Influences on Parenting
Attachment
Secure
confident in mom's presence
sad when she leaves
seeks her out upon return
Resistant
clings to mom
sad when she leaves / wary of strangers
resists her upon return
Avoidant
little distress when mom leaves
ignores strangers
ignores her upon return
Disorganized / Disoriented
confused about strangers
seeks then withdraws from mom
Pro-social behavior
Authoritative
= content, cooperative
Authoritarian
= withdrawn, distrustful, discontent
Permissive
= impulsive, aggressive
Uninvolved
= deficits in attachment, emotional & social skills, & behavior
Self-regulation
Authoritative
= self-reliant, self-controlled, explorative
Authoritarian
= Fearful
Permissive
= poor self-reliance & self-control
Uninvolved
= poor self-control, low self-esteem, deficits in cognition
Socioemotional & Cognitive Competence
Competent children
get attention in socially acceptable ways
use adults as resources
plan & execute complicated tasks
complex vocabulary
Incompetent children
unnoticed or disruptive
need a lot of direction to complete tasks
difficulty getting along w/others
lack ability to anticipate consequences
simplistic vocabulary
Key Ingredient
= secure parent/child relationships
Achievement motivation
HOME
(Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment)
Emotional & verbal responsiveness to child
Avoidance of restriction & punishment
Organization of environment
Appropriate play materials provided
Parental interaction w/child
Opportunities for variety in stimulation
Mesosystem Influences on Parenting
School
Community
Informal supports
relatives
friends
Formal supports
employers
doctors
organizations
Bidirectional
Appropriate Parenting Practices
Consider child's age capacity
Reasonable expectations
Work with child's strengths, limitations, needs
Basic care, nurturing, support
Model self-control
Developmentally appropriate
Inappropriate Parenting Practices
Oriented to parents' needs
Impossible expectations
Ignore child's strengths, limitations, needs
Demonstrate aversion to parenting
Harsh discipline
Do not provide basic care/support
Take frustrations out on child (self-righteous)
Maltreatment
Abuse
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Psychological/emotional abuse
Often parents have psychological problems
Neglect
Community contributions
impoverished neighborhoods
housing stress
unemployment
child-care burdens
availability of alcohol
About Parenting
Universal Parenting Goals
Ensure health & survival
Capacity for economic independence
Cultural values: morality, prestige, & achievement
Parenting Styles
Authoritarian
parent-centered
high control
low acceptance
Authoritative
democratic
high control
high acceptance
Permissive
child-centered
low control
high acceptance
Uninvolved
indifferent
low control
low acceptance
Overinvolved
invasive
anxious control
helicopter
Family Dynamics
Influences of Child Characteristics
age & cognitive development
temperament
Easy
positive mood
adaptable / approachable
low-moderate intensity
Difficult
slow to adapt
intense reactions
negative mood
Slow-to-warm-up
low activity
low intensity
withdraw then adapt
Goodness-of-fit
: parent adaptation
Child disability
Influence of Family Characteristics
number of children
spacing & gender of children
parent's life stage
marital quality
parent's ability to handle stress