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Ancient Greece, Ame, Eva, Anna, riace, kiekko, unnamed, Sofia and Will,…
Ancient Greece
Olympics
Sports
Javeling
Wrestling
runningf(diaulos, hoplitodromos, and dolichos)
Boxing and pankration(Mixed martial arts)
Horse racing(kalpe and keles)
History
The first Olympic Games was held in Ancient Greece in 776BC
Dedicated to zeus
Olympic truce
The olympics were held once per 4 years, just like it is nowadays
There were 300+ sporting events yearly before the Olympic Games originated
Sources
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/z87tn39/articles/z36j7ty
https://www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games
https://www.ancient.eu/Olympic_Games/
Interesting facts
Gynasiums were built for training
Victory meant eternal glory
Athletes had to arrive at Olympia one month before the Olympic Games for training.
Non-Greeks, slaves, murderers, and people who had broke the law couldn't compete
They were very strict about rules and braking them leaded in harsh punishment, such as being banned from the games
The athletes competed naked
Women were not permitted to participate or watch the events, but young girls were allowed to spectate
The games were held in honor of Zeus and the event was the most important and anticipated cultural event in ancient Greece
Rebecca Lindfors and Konsta Käkölä
Rewards/significance
A victory crown(kotinos), made up of wild olive leaves and an olive branch cut from the scared tree(Kallistephanos), it was given to each event winner.
a bright red woolen ribbon which was thought to be worn on the upper arm or around the head
Victors were welcomed back home as heroes, received financial benefits, and they were invited to the political elite
The best reward was the fame, glory, and historical importance they received, as they are still remembered after thousands of years
A few famous Olympic winners
Kroton who was from southern Italy won three consecutive stadion races in 480's BC
Phanas of Pellene won three events in the Olympics of 521 BC, which include the stadion, diaulos, and the race in armour
Leonidas of Rhodes managed to win the stadion, diaulos, and the race in armor in four consecutive Olympics in 164 BC
pictures
Ties to the modern world
It is still a sign of peace, no mater what disagreements there were between countries all contestants were still celebrated equally
Some of the original sporting events are still apart of the modern olympics. For example, boxing, javelin, running, wrestling etc
The tradition has been kept for almost 3000, even though it has been evolved through time
Wars and military
Military technology
Navy
Trireme
Is a light wooden ship that can be easily manoeuvrable and has bronze battering ram at the bow.
Is 35 meters long and can fit 170 rowes in three floors
Trier
Is a 40 meter long ship that has a removable sail that was not used in battles but was used to save the strength of the crew
Has a pointed ram in the front and is used mainly for ramming
Soldiers equipment
Spear
Shield also known as hoplon
Helmet
Wars
Peloponnesian war
Athenians fought the Spartans
Spartans won
At least 18 000 casualties
431-404 bc
Persian wars
Thermopylae
In the end Persians won
Greek had approximately 7000 men
Casualities
4000 Greek
20 000 Persians
Persians had 100 000 - 150 000 men
Was fought over 3 days
Greek city-states defended against the Persian Empire
480 bc
Sources
Source 2
Source 1
Source 4
Source 3
Source 5
Source 6
Military training
Athenian
Schools to develop the physiques of young boys
Military training started at age 18 and lasted 2 years
Men had to complete their military training before they could begin their civilian careers.
Men up to age 60 could be called anytime to fight
Spartan
Boys lived with their families until the age of 7 which was when they joined the agoge
Agoge is part boot camp and part military academy
When war was close men from the agoge were called in
This caused the ties of the boys with their families to loosen which was when they were owned by the state
The boys were appointed a teacher the paidonomos
They were raised solely for war so trained for their whole lives
This was up until achieving the status geron at the age of 60 when they were freed from the military but many chose to remain
Strategies
The greeks prepared for the battle by perfoming rituals to the gods before the battle
Unfavourable sings by the gods would delay the battle
After the rituals were done the battle could commence
The battles were usually timed to impact crop growth so they would have less food for the next agricultural season
Naval tactics
Diekplous where the greek would row through the between its enemy ships and turn around after crossing the enemy line
Periplous where the greek would sail around the enemy to make them easily rammable
Ramming is when a ship that has its front enveloped in metal rams other ships
Shearing where during ramming the enemy ship is held in place to allow other ships to ram it
Land tactics
The standard formation was one in which hoplites made a front line with their shields and then used their spears to poke the enemies' eyes, throats and arms. This would be known as the phalanx
Music was played along the formation to keep the soldiers in formation
Soldiers
Hoplites are a heavy infantry unit were most widely used form of soldiers in every Greek city state
Hoplites were armored heavily armored infantrymen who were armed with spears and shields
The god of war Ares represents the perfect soldier with his resilience, physical strength and military intelligence.
Peltast are light infantry units that wielded a javelin and a light shield but didn't have any armor
This class of soldiers was less common than the hoplites but were used in the peloponnesian war.
Due to being much more mobile the hoplites they were used in un-even terrain because the hoplites couldn't keep up the formation.
Without the help of the terrain peltast were no match for the hoplites
Jimi & Risto
Alexander the Great and his conquest
Philip II already took over most of Greek but after his death Alexander III took the power at the age of 20
After the Greek was unified Alexander aimed his sights on the Persian empire
Took over Persia all the way to modern day India
After Alexander's death the the empire fell apart
Religion and Gods
Mythological figures/deities
Olympian Gods: Believed to have lived on Mount Olympos, these are the 12 primary gods/goddeses in ancient greece
Zeus
God of the sky and thunder
Associated with wisdom, awareness,authority and destiny
Aphrodite
Goddess of love, beauty, sex and fertility
Born out of Uranus' genitals thrown into the sea
Poseidon
God of the Ocean
Provoker of earthquakes and creator of horses
Hades
God of the dead
Athena
Zeus' daughter
Goddess of wisdom and strategic warfare
Virginal goddess: not tied to any man
Hera
Goddess of marriage
Wife of Zeus
Hestia
Goddess of the hearth and sacrificial flame
Apollo
God of oracles, music, healing, archery, sunlight and protector of herds
Artemis
Goddess of the hunt, protector of childbirth and children
Hephasteus
god of fire, forges, smiths, metalworking, art of sculpture stone masonry
Demeter
Goddess of growth and harvest
Before the Olympian gods, there were Gaia and her kids
Titans
Defeated
Giants
Hated by their father Ouranos, trapped inside Gaia
nymphs, spirits , etc.
The Fates
Onerva, Milma, Elina
Sources:
Theogony,
ancient.eu,
greekmythology.com
Religious practises
Different gods called upon on different occasions
Oracles
Agencies that provided wisdom and prophecies
Priestesses gave cryptic prophecies in a trance-like state, monks/priests then interpret the prophecy
Priests became rich from sacrifices given to gods - priests started lending money to the common folk, almost like banks
Patron deities protected cities and homes
Sacrifices typically in the form of riches, food and livestock were made to get the gods favour
Temples were built as places of worship for the gods
Context
Incredibly varied and vast
Gods viewed more as complex superheroes rather than all powerful
Heavily localised
Present and prominent in the daily lives of people
Gods were portrayed with ideal human bodes
Philosophy and science
school of thought
Pre-Hellenistic schools of thought
They believed that one should live a life of virtue in agreement with Nature. This meant rejecting all conventional desires for wealth, power, health, or celebrity, and living a life free from possessions.
Peripatetic school
Cynicism
Hellinistic schools of thought
Hellenistic philosophy is the period of Western philosophy and Middle Eastern philosophy that was developed in the Hellenistic period following Aristotle and ending with the beginning of Neoplatonism
Stoicism
It is a philosophy of personal ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world.
Academic Septicism
Academic skepticism refers to the skeptical period of ancient Platonism dating from around 266 BC ounded by Zeno
Epicureanism
It viewed the universe as being ruled by chance, with no interference from gods
Eclecticism
Eclecticism was a system of philosophy which adopted no single set of doctrines but selected from existing philosophical beliefs those doctrines that seemed most reasonable founded by Cicero
Pyrrhonism
Pyrrhonism is a school of philosophical skepticism founded by Pyrrho
Hellinistic Judaism
Hellenistic Judaism was an attempt to establish the Jewish religious tradition within the culture and language of Hellenism
Neopythagoreanism
Neopythagoreanism was a school of philosophy reviving Pythagorean beliefs
Hellinistic Christianity
Hellenistic Christianity was the attempt to reconcile Christianity with Greek philosophy
Neoplatonism
a school of religious and mystical philosophy founded by Plotinus and based on the teachings of Plato and the other Platonists
Important names
Hippocrates
Hippocrates, the Greek Father of Medicine, wrote “prayer indeed is good, but while calling on the gods a man should himself lend a hand.”
Hippocrates and his followers took a giant step forward in the science of medicine when they asked themselves the question “How did this illness come to be?” instead of “What god or force of evil caused this illness?”
Euclid
Mathematicia and "father of geometry"
Euclid's classic book on the Elements of Geometry was the world's main textbook for almost two millennia.
Archimedes
Mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor and astronomer
Scholars such as Archimedes became military engineers, inventing and improving defensive and offensive weapons. There were, in addition, other innovations such as the gear, the screw, the steam engine, the screw press and so on.
Pythagoras
Philosopher
Political and religious teaching.
Plato
Philosopher
Aristotle
Philosopher and polymath
It was Aristotle, equally at ease as a philosopher and as a scientist, whose several treatises on animals laid the foundations of zoology
Socrates
Philosoper.
Socrates, although we have no evidence he ever wrote anything, was the first of the great thinkers of Athens. We can get some understanding of his ideas from the writings of Plato and Xenophon.
Socrates challenged the morals and quest for power of his fellow citizens and paid the ultimate price of his life. He is remembered as the father of the study of ethics
Aristarchus
Astronomer and mathematician
In the 3rd Century BC, the Greek astronomer Aristarchus advanced the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system. It took the world the better part of two millennia to come to the same conclusion.
Eratosthenes
Mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer and music theorist
Eratosthenes accurately calculated the earth's circumference and its diameter.
Theophrastus
Plant Biologist
Theophrastus, who laid the groundwork for the science of botany.
Sources
https://www.thoughtco.com/five-great-schools-ancient-greek-philosophy-2670495#:~:text=Ancient%20Greek%20philosophy%20extends%20from,the%20Epicurean%2C%20and%20the%20Skeptic
.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy
https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/greece/gr1080e.html#:~:text=The%20ancient%20Greeks%20didn't,later%20made%20separate%20disciplines%20practical
.
Division of subjects
Sciences
Earth Science
geology ; oceanography, astronomy and meteorology.
Life science
genetics, botany, zoology etc
Physical science
astronomy, physics, chemistry
Physics, the study of the nature of things, began seriously in Greece in the 6th Century BC.
The study was an intellectual pursuit unaided by much in the way of controlled experimentation, which is standard practice today.
Philosophy
Epistemology
Epistemology, the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge
Metaphysics
"The branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, identity, time, and space."
Ethics
A set of moral principles that are a theory/system of moral value
Natural Philosophy
Natural philosophy, as distinguished from metaphysics and mathematics, is traditionally understood to encompass a wide range of subjects
According to this classification, natural philosophy is the science of those beings which undergo change and are independent of human beings
Origins
Mesopotamians and Egyptians contemplated how the natural world around them worked
The ancient Greeks didn't make a distinction between philosophy and science, nor did they recognize the range of disciplines such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, etc. that we do today.
Culture
Theatre
Amphitheatre
https://www.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/graphics/theaterdiagram.jpg
Theatron - where the spectators sat.
Orchestra - level space for chorus and actors
Skene - A building directly behind the stage. Actors changed their costumes for the perfomance there. Can be decorated depending on the play.
Parodos - Paths for chorus and actors to enter/exit the stage, also an entrance which speactators use when coming to and leaving the play
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus#/media/File:Dionysus-theater.JPG
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus#/media/File:Athen_Akropolis_(18512008726).jpg
Ancient Greece's amphitheatre is famous for an exceptionally good acoustic-design.
Held up to 14 000 people
Janne, Alina
Sources:
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
Source 4
Source 5
Source 6
Source 7
Plays
Comedy
New comedy
moral ambiquity of the bourgeois
reflects the disillusioned spirit and
small band of musicians and dancers
no superatural or heroic overtones
fictional average citizens
Old comedy
Satire of public persons and affairs
e.g. Gods
choric dance and song
personal invective
political criticism
buffoonery
comment on literary and philosophical topics
brings laughter
always ends happily
Tragedy
separate plays or trilogies
questions about human existence
heroes die in the end
almost always inspired by Greek mythology
theatre crew:
plays performed by a chorus and three actors (only men)
after performing one role actors change masks and costumes backstage
actor usually played more than one role
poets and playwriters
Sophocles, (tragedy plays)
Oedipus the King; about the famous king who loved his mother a little too much.
Antigone; about a woman torn between public and private duty
Women of Trachis; about the wife of Hercules and her failed attempt to regain her husband’s affections.
Euripides, (tragedy plays)
Medeia; Jason, of the Golden Fleece fame, abandons the title character for the daughter of the King of Corinth with the consequence that Medeia kills her own children in revenge
Aristophanes, (comedy plays)
The Wasps; poking fun at the Athenian jury system and the Athenians’ preoccupation with litigation
The Clouds; criticising Socrates for corruption and sophistry
Aeschylus, (tragedy plays)
Prometheus Bound; deals with Zeus' punishment of the Titan Prometheus, who stole fire from the gods and gifted it to humanity
Significance
Entertaining
Discussing and criticising (mocking)
Political issues
Other problems of the society
Gossips and rumors
origin
performed as part of religious festivals
in honour of the god Dionysus
became an art form in Greece since the 6th century BCE
funding
plays were publically funded in Athens
submiting a proposal to a polis official called the archon eponymos
the archon decides who will get funding
Sculpture
Famous sculptures
the Zeus or Poseidon of Artemesium (unknown which one) (460-450 BCE)
the two warriors of Riace (460-450 BCE)
the Diskobolos (c. 450 BCE) Made by Myron
the Nike of Paionios at Olympia (c. 420 BCE) Made by Paionios
The Moschophoros, c. 570 BCE
Sources
https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Sculpture/
PICTURES:
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/fQWDj6LhcZLwf5zhjwzz2mehr0l4YUgfLq91eM8GpaqdM6p0rPXUDux0nUc0sbOzB0JlK5Y0wfIBRNl2sXuBsHoAtD-sfHIXOz0WzvNdChqlszrB
https://cdn.britannica.com/s:300x300/25/3325-004-B387223E/Nike-marble-statue-Paeonius-Olympia-Greece-Archaeological-c-420-bce.jpg
https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/context/art231/article/1061/type/native/viewcontent
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Discobolus_in_National_Roman_Museum_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG/170px-Discobolus_in_National_Roman_Museum_Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme.JPG
https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/five-ancient-greek-scultptures-everyone-know/
https://www.classics.cam.ac.uk/museum/collections/museum-highlights/farnese-hercules
https://www.vulture.com/2016/07/dying-gaul-is-a-world-masterpiece-about-death.html
https://httpchristyart.wordpress.com/2017/10/31/archaic-ancient-greek-art-in-sculpture-the-kouros-of-anavysos/
https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/five-ancient-greek-scultptures-everyone-know/
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/antiquity/greek-sculpture.htm
Commonly Used Materials
Marble was the most significant material in sculpture-making.
Alongside marble, other calcareous rocks were used.
Other materials include bronze, terracotta and wood.
Famous sculptors
Phidias
the gigantic chryselephantine statues of Athena (c. 438 BCE) and Zeus (c. 456 BCE)
Polykleitos
sculpture Doryphoros (Spearbearer), wrote a treatise on techniques of sculpture where he emphasised the importance of correct proportion
Kresilas
made the much-copied portrait of Pericles (c. 425 BCE)
Praxiteles
Aphrodite (c. 340 BCE), the first full female nude
Kallimachos
created the Corinthian capital and whose distinctive dancing figures were much copied in Roman times
The Three Main Periods of Sculpture
The Classical Period (c. 500-323 BCE)
The highpoint of sculpture in Ancient Greece. Technical skills of sculptors rapidly improved.
Sculpture was still primarily connected with religious beliefs, but three-dimensional sporting figures became more common.
The common characteristics of the Classical period are:
the accuracy of anatomy
the realism of stance
bronze being used as the predominant material
The Hellenistic Period (c. 323-27 BCE)
Greek culture spread out to neighbouring areas.
A more emotional and expressive type of sculpture became common.
The sculptures grew in size.
The Archaic Period (c. 650-500 BCE)
During this period the sculptures were primarily
connected with religious beliefs.
The realistic form of a human body was appreciated.
Facial features weren't distinct, and the sculptures weren't expressive.
The sculptures appeared in different sizes.
Influence On Modern Art And Sculpture
Were the first to invent a sort of colour theory.
An ideal for symmetry in sculpture.
A sense of aesthetics.
Architecture
sources
https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Architecture/
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/introduction-to-greek-architecture
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/greek.htm
Temples
A few famous Greek Temples
Temple of Hera
Doric peripteral hexastyle building in the Archiac style
Temple of Poseidon
One of the best preserved Doric peripteral hexastyle temples
Temple of Zeus
Famous for its pedimental sculpture and sculpture of Zeus
The temple was a house for the god, who was represented there by his cult statue
orders/columns
Doric
vertical fluted shaft
thinner top
no base
simple capital
square abacus
lack of ornamentation
Ionic
base and volute, or scroll capital
slim and straight
richly carved sculpture
Corinthian
similar to Ionic
more decorative capital
wooden at first, later on from stone
still used a lot in modern architecture
The Presidential Palace in Helsinki
materials
buildings initially wooden
first temples had thatch roofs, later on durable stone; some combined the two
stone
limestone
pure, white marble
columns
popular especially in public buildings
Stoa
Stoa is a covered walkway that was meant for public use
Stoa Poikile
Stoa Poikile had been decorated with paintings
Zeno of Citium taught Stoicism to his followers in this specific stoa and that is were Stoicism took it's name from because it was first expounded here
Stoa Basileios
Stoa Basileios, better known as the Royal Stoa was the headquarters of the King Archon and of the Areopagos council
Stoa of Attalos
In ancient times the Stoa of Attalos served as a commercial place with shop premises rented by the city of Athens. It was also a public gathering place that provided protection against summer heat and cold winter.
Stoa Amphiaraion
Stoas were used to many purposes such as storage, meeting places, markets and also to create enclosed space for physical exercise and provide practise ares.
the amphitheatre
circular space for chorus
Theatre of Delphi
the stage
open-air
seating area
rising rows of seats in the shape of a semi-circle
excellent acoustics
the larger ones could hold up to 20 000 people
side aisles
Housing
Private homes were usually constructed with mud bricks, had packed earth floors and were built to no particular design
One or two storied houses were the norm
Better houses were built in stone, usually with plastered exterior and frescoed interior walls
the stadium
initially near natural embankments
development --> sophisticated structures
marble steps
ease of access
rows of stone
conduits to drain rainfall
vaulted corridors for dramatic entrances
large: seating capacities for even over 45 000 people
Stadium in Nemea
long and narrow
occupied flat terrain
Logic and order are the heart of Greek architecture
Mathematics determined the symmetry, the harmony, the eye's pleasure.
Greek designers used precise mathematical calculations to determine the height, width and other characteristics of architectural elements.
Modern architects have been influenced by Greek architectural forms.
Louis Sullivan based a number of his skyscraper designs on the Greek template of base, shaft, and capital, while using vertical bands to draw the eye upwards.
legacy
re-discovery in the Reneissance
a feature of the Neo-Classical movement
inspired Roman architecture
The Parthenon
contributed to the rise of Athens
It was a symbol of the power, wealth and elevated culture of Athens
significant impact on the Reneissance, the Neo-Classical movement, and modern architecture
located on the highest part of the acropolis
mathematically designed
aesthetically pleasing
4:9 ratio
harmony
symmetry
columns lean slightly inwards
illusion of true straight lines
lifting effect and a lighter appearance
was used for over 1,000 years
built from 22,000 tons of marble
still in a rather good condition despite the ravages of time, explosions, looting, and pollution damage
The Parthenon is an example of Doric style
Politics and democracy
Kevin & Jimmy
system of ancient greece democracy
Related institutions of democracy in Athens
Boule(civil society)
council
court
problems
ochlocracy
mob rule
mob justice
charicteristics of ancient greeece democracy
direct demoracy
limit democracy
ostrasism
comparison between the athenian democracy and modern democracy
The development of democracy in Athens
reform of Cleisthenes 508BC
Solon's monetary politics in 594BC
Pericles' Democratic Completion
Change from monarchy to oligarchy around 6th century
sources
source
source
source
Ame, Eva, Anna
Sofia and Will
transitional piece between Archaic and Classical art as the figure is extremely life-like (classical sculpture)
one of the most copied statues from antiquity and it suggests powerful muscular motion caught for a split second, as in a photo (classical sculpture)
example of the ‘wet-look’, the light material of the clothing is pressed against the contours of the body, the figure seems semi-suspended in the air (classical sulpture)
added detail of finely sculpted hair and beards. Perfectly proportioned and their poise suggests that they may well step off of the plinth at any moment (classical sculpture)
“the calf-bearer”, Moscophoros is a typical Archaic sculpture – static, naked with a smiling face
Farnese Hercules
The Kouros of Anavysos
Dying Gaul
Pinja & Rita
the scientific study of the physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, classification, and economic importance of plants.
Arose in the 6th century BC
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