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Forensic Identification - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Trained Individuals
        
        such as
        
        Forensic Scientists
        
        have
        
        Expertise and training in specific disciplines
        
        such as
        
        5 more items...
        
        such as
        
        Blood Pattern Analyst
        
        who performs
        
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        Investigating Officer
        
        is responsible for
        
        Securing the scene
        
        Preventing destruction/contamination of evidence
        
        Control of public at the scene
        
        Establishing an exterior perimeter and an interior perimeter
        
        Path of Contamination
        
        includes
        
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        FIO
        
        has
        
        is responsible for
        
        More serious cases
        
        such as
        
        1 more item...
        
        SOCO
        
        is responsible for
        
        Less complicated crime scenes
        
        has
        
        Advanced investigation & photography skills
- - - - Friction Ridge Analysis
        
        consists of
        
        Analysis
        
        of
        
        Latent Print
        
        involves examining
        
        1 more item...
        
        found on
        
        1 more item...
        
        also involves
        
        Labelling details
        
        on
        
        1 more item...
        
        Comparison
        
        of
        
        Known print
        
        to
        
        1 more item...
        
        Verification
        
        involves
        
        New Analyst
        
        who
        
        1 more item...
        
        Evaluation
        
        deem if results are
        
        Inconclusive
        
        means that
        
        1 more item...
        
        Identification
        
        can occur at
        
        2 more items...
        
        Exclusion
        
        means that
        
        1 more item...
        
        based on
        
        4 Premises of Friction Ridge Identification
        
        which are
        
        Fingerprints are persistent throughout life
        
        Friction ridges develop on the fetus prior to birth
        
        Friction ridge paths and details are unique
        
        Friction ridge patterns vary
      - Impression Analysis
        
        examines
        
        Impressions
        
        types include
        
        2D Impressions
        
        such as
        
        4 more items...
        
        Latent Impressions
        
        3D Impressions
        
        might be found
        
        3 more items...
        
        located on
        
        Substrate
        
        types include
        
        3 more items...
        
        involves
        
        Locating Impressions
        
        check
        
        Recovering Impressions
        
        some methods include
        
        Fingerprint Powder
        
        used for
        
        1 more item...
        
        such as
        
        1 more item...
        
        Lifting tape
        
        used for
        
        1 more item...
        
        such as
        
        1 more item...
        
        Electrostatic Lifting Device
        
        used for
        
        1 more item...
        
        Gel Lifter
        
        used for
        
        2 more items...
        
        also
        
        1 more item...
        
        Casting
        
        different types include
        
        2 more items...
        
        Cyanoacrylate Glue Fuming
        
        used on
        
        2 more items...
        
        results in
        
        1 more item...
        
        Enhancement dyes
        
        such as
        
        10 more items...
        
        Alternate Light Sources
        
        uses
        
        1 more item...
        
        may also use
        
        1 more item...
        
        Oblique Lighting
        
        used for
        
        1 more item...
        
        at
        
        1 more item...
        
        Infrared Photography
        
        used for
        
        1 more item...
        
        Vaccuum Metal Deposition Chamber (VMD)
        
        does
        
        1 more item...
        
        uses
        
        2 more items...
        
        Photo Editing
        
        uses
        
        2 more items...
        
        Photography
        
        procedure
        
        Position camera perpendicular to the plane of the impression. Film plane should be parallel to the impression.
        
        Scale must be level with bottom of impresson
        
        In the snow, use primer or snowprint wax for contrast
        
        also involves
        
        Marking
        
        for
      - Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
        
        is about
        
        HOW rather than WHY
        
        studies
        
        Characteristics of Bloodstains
        
        such as
        
        Shape
        
        Size
        
        Distribution
        
        Location
        
        relies on
        
        Bloodstain Pattern Classification
        
        encompasses
        
        Primary Classification
        
        includes
        
        3 more items...
        
        Secondary Classification
        
        under
        
        3 more items...
        
        Exceptions to Classification
        
        such as
        
        Dilution of Blood
        
        Insect Activity on Blood
        
        Drying of Blood
        
        Clotting
        
        Decomposition
        
        Voids
        
        provides
        
        Information
        
        such as
        
        Impact Location(s)
        
        Number of Impacts
        
        Object/Tool/Mechanism Used
        
        Position of person bleeding
        
        Movement of people/objects during the event
        
        Movement of people/objects after the event
        
        Sequence of Events
        
        Area of Origin Determination
        
        uses information such as
        
        5 more items...
        
        which is
        
        1 more item...
        
        examines
        
        uses
        
        METHODOLOGY
        
        follows the approach
        
        Search for bloodstains
        
        Enhance latent bloodstain patterns
        
        Identify bloodstain patterns present
        
        Collect samples
        
        Minimize & Document scene changes
        
        1.
        
        Area of Origin Analysis
        
        Formulate & Test Hypothesis
        
        done using
        
        3D Laser Scanning
        
        IR Photography
        
        Blood Samples
        
        DNA Analysis
      - DNA Analysis
      - 3D Facial Reconstruction
        
        which is
        
        Creating a model of the face as it appeared in real life
        
        using
        
        Structure of the Skull
        
        Demographic Profile
        
        for the purpose of
        
        Establishing Possible Identification
        
        through the process of
        
        Generating investigative leads
        
        which leads to
        
        1 more item...
        
        Creating a "likeness" of the individual
        
        done by
        
        1 more item...
        
        Presenting likeness to the public
        
        such as
        
        2 more items...
        
        who may
        
        1 more item...
        
        uses methods such as
        
        Manchester Method
        
        Combination Method
        
        American Method
        
        Digital Method
        
        creates
      - 3D Crime Scene Mapping & Documentation
        
        defined as
        
        "Use of three dimensional technologies that assist with the documentation, analysis, reconstruction, and visualization of evidence." -Eugene Liscio
        
        employs the
        
        Reconstruction Process
        
        involves
        
        Documentation
        
        uses
        
        4 more items...
        
        Analysis
        
        uses the process
        
        5 more items...
        
        Visualization
        
        which is
        
        1 more item...
        
        involves
        
        6 more items...
        
        uses both
        
        Reconstruction
        
        uses
        
        Recreation
        
        used for
        
        Demonstrative Purposes
        
        used for
        
        Trajectory Analysis
        
        Suspect Height Analysis
        
        creates
        
        3D Model
- - - - Biological Evidence
        
        such as
        
        Strand(s) of hair
        
        Bloodstains
        
        are
        
        Predictable
        
        Reproducible
        
        Bone
        
        Semen
        
        Urine
        
        Saliva
      - Non-biological Evidence
        
        such as
        
        Glass
        
        Paint chip
        
        Tool marks
        
        Drugs
        
        Firearms/ammunition
        
        Explosives
        
        Footwear Impressions
        
        Fingerprints
        
        assists with
        
        Grip ability
        
        Traction
        
        aka
        
        Fingerprint Matrix
        
        found on
        
        1 more item...
        
        composed of
        
        Ridge units
        
        each has
        
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        2 Layers
        
        which are
        
        2 more items...
      - Trace Evidence
        
        which is
        
        Physical evidence found in small amounts/microscopic fragments that has been transferred between people, objects, and/or the environments.
    - - Comparison between unknown and reference (K)
        
        using
        
        Physical Properties
        
        such as
        
        Colour
        
        Texture
        
        Phase
        
        Odour
        
        Boiling point/Melting point
        
        Density
        
        Solubility
        
        Conductivity
        
        Optical properties
        
        Chemical Properties
        
        such as
        
        Flammability
        
        Oxidation
        
        Enthalpy
        
        Radioactivity
      - Identify properties (Q)
        
        including
        
        including
      - Drawing a Conclusion
        
        which asks the question
        
        Does Q share common origin with K?
- - - - Every contact between person, place, or things results in an exchange of physical materials.