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Genetics, crossing over, genetics, replication frok, crossing over causes…

- - - - replicon
  - - - DNA polymerase
  - - - covalently bonded
- - - - smallest mutation
      - single base converted to another base
    - - piece of DNA is lost
    - - addition of extra DNA
  - - - something that causes mutation
    - - insertion sequences
        
        few thousand base pairs long
        
        contain genes that cut the insertion sequence out and splice in DNA somewhere else
      - transposon
        
        much longer
        
        carries genes that code for proteins not associated with transposition
        
        may actually be viruses
  - - - called somatic mutations
- - - - single character is analyzed and studied
      - parental generation
        
        parents
      - F1 or first filial generation
        
        offspring of their crossbreeding
        
        interbreed offspring F2
      - homozygous
        
        two identical alleles
      - heterozygous
        
        two different alleles for this gene
      - incomplete dominance
        
        neither parental trait dominates the other
  - - - plant's own pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
    - - one gamete on one side, one on the other side
  - - - trait that shows
    - - only shows if not dominated
  - - - difficult to know what the genotype of any particular plant is unless the plant shows the recessive trait
    - - a cross involving the plant in question and one that is homozygous recessive for the trait being studied
    - - selfed and kept pure
      - useful and valuable
- - - - alleles of one gene move independently of the alleles of the other gene
  - - - formed from a crossing- over of the homologous chromosomes and recombination of alleles
      - last two
    - - first two
    - - map unit
        
        centimorgan
- - - - type of alleles a single individual has
    - - expression of those genes
  - - - genetic diversity
      - combines alleles with other to improve adaptations
    - - no genetic diversity
- - - - the alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to the progeny
    - - presence of spots or sectors that are white, red, or orange on a plant
  - - - can be undetectable to lethal
      - can kill plant
    - - it is eliminated
  - - - more than two sets of chromosomes
      - nondisjunction
        
        change in chromosome # per nucleus in plants can come about by
    - - gene family