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CHAPTER 16: GENETICS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - single character is analyzed
  - - - Gregor Mendel
  - - - 1:2:1 genotype ratio
      - 3:1 phenotype ratio
  - - - parental generation
      - F1 first filial generation
        
        offspring of parents
      - F2 generation
        
        offspring of F1
    - - homozygous
        
        RR
        
        rr
      - heterozygous
        
        Rr
    - - neither parental type dominates
      - heterozygous phenotype is different from both homozygous phenotypes
    - - all heterozygous offspring
- - - - point mutation
        
        changes one base pair
      - deletion
        
        some DNA is lost
      - insertion
        
        extra DNA added in
      - inversion
        
        piece of DNA put in backwards
  - - - chemicals
      - UV light
      - X-rays
      - radiation
    - - nitrous acid
        
        G-C to G-U to A-U to A-T
    - - self-complementary strand
    - - foreign DNA accidentally incorporated by ligase
    - - insertion sequences
      - transposon
  - - - no effect
    - - usually unimportant
    - - may not change the amino acid synthesized
      - amino acid change may not affect protein
    - - disrupts protein active site
        
        protein cannot function
      - promoter regions
        
        inactivate or wrongly activate gene
      - add, remove, replace start codons
    - - removed quickly from population
        
        deleterious
    - - evolution
  - - - not passed to offspring
  - - - effective enough to keep DNA working
      - not perfect to ensure variation
- - - - four gametes possible
  - - - linked
    - - recombinant chromosomes
        
        formed from crossing-over
      - parental type chromosomes
    - - centimorgan
        
        genetic map
- - - - genetically inherited are fatal only in homozygous recessive
        
        can result in odd phenotypic and genotypic ratios due to offspring dying very early
  - - - possible in plants
      - usually not possible in animals
      - surplus DNA
        
        cancel effects of deleterious mutations #
    - - gene family
  - - - alleles of both parents transmitted equally
    - - maternal inheritance
        
        mitochondrion DNA
        
        plastid DNA
        
        achlorophyllous
        
        pollen vs ovule parent
        
        variegation
- - - - alleles
        
        mutations
    - - phenotype
  - - - combines alleles
        
        hopefully fitter offspring
        
        more chance and risk involved
    - - identical offspring
- - - - replicon
    - - primer RNA
    - - semiconservative replication
    - - multiple
        
        meet
        
        ligated