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Congenital abnormalities of NS - Coggle Diagram
Congenital abnormalities of NS
Spina bifida
Pathogenesis
Failure of vertebrae arches (laminae) fusion
Embryological development
Exposure
Meningocoele
Meninges
Meningomyelocoele
Meninges + NS tissue
Clinical signs
Dysfunctional lumbosacral SC
Abnormal hindlimb gait
Weakness/paralysis
Urinary + faecal incontinence
High infection risk
Causes
Genetic
English bulldog, German shepherds
Environmental factors
Drugs, folic acid deficiency
Syringomyelia (SM)
Pathogenesis
Chiari-like malformation
Shallow causal cranial fossa
Crowds brain parenchyma
Cerebellum herniation
Foramen magnum
Compression
Kinked medulla oblongata
Syrinx - CSF accumulation
Obstructs CSF flow
Fluid accumulation in SC cavities
Structural abnormalities
Altered CSF and blood flow
Causes
Strong breed association :dog2:
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Abnormal occipital bone shape
Shallow caudal cranial fossa
Clinical signs
Neuropathic pain
Abnormal pain sensations
Allodynia
Pain from non-noxious stimuli
Hyperaesthesia
Hypersensitivity to temperature and touch
Paraesthesia
Spontaneous prickly sensation
'Phantom' scratching, face rubbing, collar intolerance
Hydrocephalus
Pathogenesis
Communicating (non-obstructive)
Impaired CSF absorption
Non-communicating (obstructive)
Blocked ventricular outflow
Atresia / stenosis
Mesencephalic aqueduct
Perinatal encephalitis
Intraventricular haemorrhage
Clinical signs
Dome-shaped skull
Patent fontanelles
Non-fusion of skull
Ventrolateral strabismus
Downward gaze of eyes
Abnormal gait; behavioural changes; circling or falling; blindness; seizures
Inheritance
Toy and brachycephalic :dog2:
Freisian :horse:
Hydrancephaly
Pathogenesis
Extensive cerebral cavities
CSF accumulation
Cortical tissue atrophy
Neocortex destruction
Developing neural tissues
Causes
Akabane; Bluetongue
Feline panleukopenia virus
Clinical signs
Lethargy; propulsive circling; ataxia; inability to suckle; head pressing; blindness
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Underdeveloped cerebellum
Dysfunctional fine motor skills; posture; balance + coordination
Clinical signs
Wide-based stance; jerky + uncoordinated gait; hypermetria; falling over; head tremours
Inability to perform complex tasks
Causes
Feline panleukopaenia (feline infectious enteritis)
Perinatal In-utero infection
Viral
Bovine viral diarrhoea
Bluetongue; akabane
Swine fever
Hereditary