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Concept Map - Coggle Diagram
Concept Map
Language Elements:
Syntax,
"Syntactic Structure" is a revolution to American traditional descriptive linguistics, and its revolutionary character is first manifested in Chomsky's opposition to the empiricism of descriptive linguistics from a rationalist standpoint.
It is based on "core sentences" and describes and analyzes the internal connections between different sentence patterns through conversion rules.
There are three kinds of phrase structure rules: merge, recursion, and derivation. The basic form is x→y. → Read "rewrite", this formula is to rewrite x into y. The phrase structure rule generates the "core sentence sequence", and the basic sentence pattern directly derived from this sequence of symbols without conversion is called the "core sentence".
Phonology
A subject that studies the phonetic system of languages, including the analysis of contemporary language phonetic systems and the study of historical phonetic changes. The latter is called phonology in Chinese tradition.
Also known as phonology, phonology, phoneme or phonology, it is a branch of linguistics and is the study of the phonemes of a language.
Phonemicists conduct scientific analysis on the phonetic system of a language, and study how different sound elements are concatenated and combined to form a specific language (such as English) and express specific meanings.
Morphology
In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, linguistics and anthropology
Theories:
New Behavioral Learning Theory
The concept of operational conditioning is the core of Skinner’s new behavioral learning theory
Skinner believes that learning is a behavior. When the subject learns, the reaction rate increases, and when not learning, the reaction rate decreases
Skinner fiercely criticized traditional class teaching, accusing it of inefficiency and low quality. Based on the theory of operational conditioning and active reinforcement, he reformed teaching and designed a set of teaching machines and program teaching programs.
Second language acquisition
Input hypothesis theory
In fact, as early as the early 1970s, Krashen proposed the "Monitor Model" (The Monitor Model), which was centered on "The Monitor Hypothesis";
In 1985, his book "Input Hypothesis: Theory and Enlightenment" formally summarized five series of hypotheses, namely the acquisition and learning hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis, the monitoring hypothesis, the input hypothesis and the emotional filtering hypothesis, which are collectively called the input hypothesis theory.
Interaction theory
Interaction theory was founded in the United States in the 1930s. It was popular in the 1960s and 1970s, and it is still a school of social theory with great influence in the 21st century. Its main theoretical basis is the related theories of human nature and human "sociality" in psychology.
The interaction theory believes that society is not a certain objective existence model or institutional system outside of people. Society is nothing but a patterned interaction of people's interactive behavior.
The content of "modeling" is rooted in people's minds and manifested in people's "role interaction" actions. There are as many kinds of "society" as an individual forms with others.
Therefore, from the perspective of interaction theory, society is concrete and microscopic. Social changes are the changes in people's "needs", "motives, values" and people's social behaviors, leading to changes in the content of the original "interactive mode".
"Social interaction": Social interaction refers to the dynamic process of psychological and behavioral mutual influence and interaction between people, people and groups, and groups and groups under a certain social relationship background. Emphasize its dynamics.
Theorists
Dr. Efram Noam Chomsky
"Generative Grammar" by Dr. Efram Noam Chomsky is considered to be the greatest contribution to theoretical linguistics in the 20th century.
He also launched a cognitive revolution in psychology through his comments on Burgess Frederick Skinner’s "Oral Behavior",
His natural way of learning language also has a great influence on the philosophy of language and spirit.
His other major achievement is the establishment of the Chomsky hierarchy:
Burgess Frederick Skinner
The American psychologist, the founder of the new behaviorism learning theory, is also the main representative of the new behaviorism.
Stephen D. Krashen
A well-known American language educator, born in Chicago, USA in 1941, is now an emeritus professor at the University of Southern California. He devoted his life to the study of second language acquisition.