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GENETICS, DEPRESSION, COMMUNICATION, HORMONES, IMMUNE SYSTEM, PERSONALITY,…

- - - - noradrenaline
    - - leaky vesicles
        
        loss of monoamines
    - - create negative feedback loop
      - blocking autoreceptors
        
        more neurotransmitters released
    - - activate second messengers
      - antagonistic effect on antidepressants
      - long-term -> reduced effect of antidepressant
  - - - serotonin
        
        melatonin
  - - - apathy, irritability, fatigue, disturbed sleep, social isolation
  - - - growth factor
      - depression
        
        lower BDNF
        
        lower neuroplasticity
- - - - low moods
- - - - more side effects
  - - - affect multiple bodily systems
  - - - rapidly increases functioning of noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine,GABA
    - - increased tryptophan
- - - - unhealthy lifestyle
      - not adhering to medical instructions
      - visit physicians less
    - - inflammation
        
        atherosclerosis
  - - - dealing with loss and trauma
      - self-care, work, social and family life
      - undergoing painful and intervening treatments
    - - neurological damage
      - effects of medications
      - effects of hormonal disturbance
- - - - repolarization
    - - hyperpolarization
- - - - actin and myosin
- - - - slow metabolism
    - - TRH
        
        TSH
        
        thyroid gland
- - - - melatonin
  - - - pituitary gland
        
        anterior
        
        CRH
        
        ACTH
        
        adrenal cortex
        
        cortisol
        
        GnRH
        
        FSH and LH
        
        posterior
        
        oxytocin
        
        vasopressin
- - - - mast cells
        
        histamine
        
        localized inflammation
        
        leaky capillaries
        
        complement system
        
        proteins activated by infection
        
        mark extracellular pathogens and kill it
        
        leukocytes arrive
        
        neutrophils
        
        digest pathogens
        
        macrophages
        
        clean up cell debris and pathogens
        
        fever response
        
        cytokines
        
        granulocyte
    - - monocytes
        
        macrophages
        
        MHC2
        
        APC
      - dendritic cells
        
        APC
        
        cytokines
    - - identifies altered MHC 1 molecules
      - induces apoptosis of infected cells
- - - - endocytosis
        
        MHC 2 molecule
        
        sensitized B cell
        
        Helper T cell must activate the B cell
        
        Helper T cell releases cytokines
        
        B cells divide
        
        plasma cell
        
        1 more item...
        
        memory B cell
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Helper T cell
        
        Th1 cells
        
        cell-mediated response
        
        main effector: macrophages
        
        secrete cytokines
        
        Th2 cells
        
        humoral immune response
        
        main effector: B cells
        
        antibodies
        
        allergic reactions
        
        recognize specific antigens on APCs
      - Cytotoxic (CT) cell
        
        clones
        
        active Tc cells
        
        attack and destroy pathogens
        
        support NK lymphocytes
        
        memory Tc cells
        
        attack and destroy infected cells
  - - - antigen-specific B lymphocyte
      - antigen-specific T lymphocyte
      - secondary immune response
- - - - APC
  - - - lymphatic tissue
      - immune barrier
  - - - prevent auto-immune reactions
- - - - replication of viral genome
        
        virus leaves the host cell
        
        cytopathic effects
        
        apoptosis
        
        budding
- - - - sensitized tissue
      - reexposure
        
        mast cells
        
        inflammation
    - - hypersensitivity to self-antigens
      - humoral immune response
        
        autoantibody
    - - local tissue lesions
      - contact dermatitis
- - - - chronically distressed
      - disturbed negative feedback loop
  - - - more prone to inflammation
        
        atherosclerosis
        
        CVD
  - - - increases heart rate
    - - inhibitory
      - vagus nerve
        
        decreased heart rate
    - - high variability
        
        gas-break system works well
      - altered cardiac autonomy activity
        
        risk of CHD
      - lower heart rate variability
        
        fatal + nonfatal cardiavascular events
      - type D personality
        
        imbalance of cardiac autonomic regulation
  - - - damage to cells
        
        artery and heart muscle damage
  - - - shorter telomere length
    - - protective for cellular aging
    - - way shorter telomere length
- - - - overweight, high blood presssure, high fasting glucose levels, low HDL high LDL
      - increased risk for heart disease
    - - regulatory systems
        
        cellular aging
        
        outcome
        
        atherosclerosis
        
        vascular endothelial dysfunction
        
        arrhythmias
        
        cell damage & apoptosis
        
        autonomic imbalance
        
        oxidative stress
        
        inflammation
      - sympathetic activity
      - chronically increased cortisol
  - - - atherosclerosis
      - start of CHD
- - - - delayed responses and executive functions
- - - - easily evoked response to threat
    - - constant alertness
    - - preparation for action
    - - reduced likelihood of a false-negative
  - - - Cl- transportation into the cell
        
        cell becomes more negative (hyperpolarized)
        
        less likely to generate action potential
        
        inhibition of neuron
      - medication
        
        benzodiazepine
        
        agonist
        
        binds to GABA-A receptor
        
        attracts more GABA
        
        influx of CL-
        
        flumazenil
        
        antagonist
        
        attaches to benzodiazepine binding site
        
        ''natural'' levels of GABA
        
        barbiturates
        
        moderate dose
        
        sleep-inducing
        
        anxiolytic
        
        suppressing EPSPs
        
        depressive effect on reflexes
      - inverse agonist
        
        attaching to binding site
        
        reduction of GABA
        
        reduction in Cl- influx
  - - - produces anxiety when stimulated
      - may increase arousal and vigilance to threat
      - alpha-2 adrenoceptors
        
        stimulation
        
        anxiolytic
- - - - benzodiazepine
        
        inverse agonist
        
        endogenous BDZ
        
        agonist
- - - - ACTH
        
        adrenal cortext
        
        cortisol
        
        blood glucose
        
        maladaptive
        
        increaed blood glucose
        
        4 more items...
    - - changing set point
      - compensated equilibirium
      - anticipation of demand
      - adjustment based on physiological history
      - incorporates learning
    - - SNS releases adrenaline, noradrenaline, and stress hormones
        
        increased heart rate and blood flow
    - - physiological equilibrium
      - normal set point
      - no adjustments based on physiological history
      - no anticipation of demand
- - - - sensory information on stress converges
      - vagus nerve pathway
      - locus coeruleus
      - somatosensory pathway
      - painful stressors
      - emotional stressors
- - - - irregular periods
      - more (facial) hair
      - difficulties reproducing
- - - - wolffian duct
        
        vas deferens
    - - oviduct, utures, innermost vagina
      - testes
        
        AMH
        
        male sex organs
    - - external genitalia
      - genital tubercle
        
        clitoris/penis
  - - - stigma
      - normal vs.abnormal vagina
  - - - oestradiol
        
        male
        
        alpha-fetoprotein
        
        female
- - - - GnRH
        
        LH & FSH
        
        follicles
        
        estradiol
        
        inhibit GnRH
        
        menstruation
    - - preovulatory follicle
        
        positive feedback loop oestrogen
        
        GnRH
        
        LH & FSH
        
        follicle pops
        
        thickening endometrium
    - - follicle
        
        corpus luteum
        
        progesterone
        
        thickening of endometrium
        
        oestrogens
        
        block GnRH
  - - - due to reduction in progesterone
- - - - oestradiol
- - - - tissue death
  - - - distress-related vulnerability
  - - - heart muscle receives insufficient oxygen
        
        tissue damage
    - - percutaneous coronary intervention (dotter)
      - coronary artery bypass graft
      - thrombolysis
  - - - atherosclerotic plaques
    - - plaque rupture
  - - - procession of CAD
        
        emotion-related triggers of acute coronary syndrome
- - - - prothrombotic
      - hemodynamic
      - electrophysiologic
      - THRESHOLD
        
        Ischemia
        
        irregular contraction pattern left ventricle
        
        drop in ST-segment
        
        mental stress-induced ischemia
        
        generally asympotomatic
        
        plaque rupture
        
        thrombosis
        
        arrhythmia
        
        ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
        
        MI
        
        sudden cardiac death
      - vasoconstrictive
- - - - ischemia
        
        MI/sudden death
- - - - bad nutrition during pregnancy
        
        low birth weight
        
        predicted CHD
      - symmetrically growth retarded
        
        delay of growth
        
        malnutrition in first trimester
      - asymmetrically growth retarded
        
        malnutrition during 2nd/3rd trimester
        
        less nutrition for less ''important'' organs
  - - - self-termination of learning
        
        learning reduces plasticity
      - stabilization of constraints on plasticity
        
        plasticity is hidden
      - temination of plasticity
        
        increased rate of pruning
    - - axonal elaboration
      - synaptic elimination
      - synaptic consolidation
- - - - zygote
        
        blastocyst
        
        implantation
        
        embryo
        
        fetal period
- - - - neural plate
        
        neural tube
        
        basis of CNS
        
        somites
        
        skeletal muscles
        
        progenitor cells
        
        neural crest
        
        PNS
        
        sensory ganglia
        
        glial cells
        
        efferent
        
        basal plate of spinal cord
        
        ANS
        
        thoracic region
      - neural proliferation
        
        migration
        
        myelination
        
        arborisation
        
        synaptogenesis
        
        apoptosis
        
        3 more items...
    - - muscle, bone, connective tissue
    - - digestive system
    - - CNS
- - - - triglycerides
        
        -> glycerol + fatty acids
    - - adipose tissue
        
        fatty acids, glucose, monoglycerides
        
        -> triglycerides + phospholipids
  - - - amino acids
        
        alpha-ketoacids
        
        fatty acid
      - glucose
        
        a-glycerol phosphate
        
        triglycerides
  - - - breaking down glycogen
    - - glucose
        
        -> glycogen
        
        fatty acids
        
        triglycerides
        
        alpha-glycerol phosphate
        
        triglycerides
  - - - sensory stimulus of food
      - insulin levels rise
        
        B-cells in the pancreas
        
        glucose high
        
        insulin secretion
        
        glucose low
        
        cease production insulin
    - - immediate needs are attended to
        
        nutrients are absorbed into bloodstream
      - increased insulin levels
        
        storage of amino acids -> proteins
        
        storage of glycogen in liver and muscles
        
        storage of fat in adipose tissue
      - stomach distention
        
        stretch receptors activated
        
        Ach release
      - food chemicals and rising pH levels
        
        chemoreceptors
        
        gastrin
        
        GI tract
        
        pancreas
        
        acidic environment
        
        protein digestion
    - - insulin levels decrease
      - glucagon levels increase
        
        nutrients no longer provide immediate energy
        
        body taps into reservoir
        
        glycogenolyse
        
        detects low glucose levels
        
        pancreatic a-cells release glucagon
        
        glycogenolyse
        
        release of fatty acid
        
        -> ketones
  - - - -> ATP CO2, heat
- - - - stomach
        
        pyloric sphincter
        
        duodenum
        
        bloodstream
        
        enzymes from gallbladder and pancreas
        
        bile acids
        
        emulsified fats
        
        lymphatic system
        
        stomach acid
        
        grinds food
      - saliva
  - - - induces hunger when stimulated
      - lesion
        
        aphagia
        
        adipsia
      - amygdala
    - - glucoreceptors
        
        glucose low
        
        release LH from inhibition
        
        glucose high
        
        inhibit LH
      - lesions
        
        hyperphagia
- - - - reward circuit
        
        stress-induced food intake
        
        hedonism > homeostasis
  - - - anorexigenic, inhibited hunger
    - - inhibited motivational circuit
    - - emotion of disgust
- - - - injection, bypassing the GI tract
    - - just below the skin, slow absorption
    - - slower progress to the bloodstream
    - - subarachnoid space, reaches CSF
    - - bypasses GI
    - - bypasses GI
    - - via GI tract
  - - - stomach and intestine lining
        
        liver
        
        target organs/cells
    - - cell membrane
        
        phospholipid
      - capillary walls
      - blood-brain barrier
        
        glial cells
      - placental barrier
  - - - liver
      - kidneys
      - uptake by tissue
- - - - inhibits breakdown of monoamines
- - - - distinct subjective quality
      - universal
      - characteristic facaial expression/neuro-muscular pattern
    - - mirror recognition test
      - greater influence of culture
  - - - perception
        
        specific pattern of autonomic arousal
        
        emotion
  - - - physiological arousal
      - cognitive interpretation of the environment
  - - - ensuring survival
      - fear conditioning
  - - - emotions
- - - - physiological and emotional reaction
- - - - input from cortex, thalamus, hippocampus
    - - difficulty recognizing emotional content
      - can't distinct between positive and negative facial expressions
- - - - maintenance of dominance
      - stability of social ranks
      - mating, access to food/resources
      - biological responses
        
        acute stress
        
        general suppression of anabolic processes
        
        HPA axis
        
        cortisol released
        
        chronic stress
        
        higher basal levels of GCs
        
        larger adrenal galnds
        
        delayed recovery
        
        impaired sensitivity to negative feedback
      - cardiovascular responses
        
        hypertension
        
        delayed recovery
        
        poor lipid profile
        
        increased atherosclerosis
  - - - adaptive
      - chronic stress
        
        maladaptive
  - - - suppressed immune system
        
        vulnerability to autoimmune diseases
  - - - anxiety
- - - - us -> them
  - - - higher for in-group members compared to out-group members
      - sensitive to shifts in self-categorization and individuating faces
      - in-group members are processed as individuals
    - - inferring mental states
- - - - greater disdain for out-groups than for competitors
      - less cooperation with out-groups than with competitors
    - - your gain is my loss
  - - - greater threat
      - more access to resources
      - attract punishment and aggression
- - - - adrenal gland medulla
    - - adrenal gland medulla