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Chapter 7 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 7
Gallaudet's Religious Instruction and Elementary Reading (for the home and classroom)
An Elementary Book for the Use of the Deaf and Dumb, in the Connecticut Asylum
(1817)
A Scriptural Catechism, Designed Principally for the Deaf and Dumb in the American Asylum
(1818)
The Child's Picture Defining and Reading Book
(dates back to the Asylum and 1830 edition)
Experimenting with teaching with pictures
Part 1: pictures with labels
Part 2: Text captioning the pictures
Hard to track Gallaudet's children's books because they were reprinted with or without permission, used in manuscript, and translated and redesigned without his involvement
Storybooks weren't as original because G was following the themes that were selling well at the time
Followed Maria Edgeworth
No irony, figurative language, or adventure
Taught moral values and dialogues between child and an elder (parent or teacher)
Always involves moral lessons
The Story of Isaac, or, The First Part of a Conversation between Mary and Her Mother
(1832)
Jacob and His Sons, or, the Second Part
and
Simple Scripture Biographies, or the Third Part
(until 1848)
Child's Book on the Soul: Part First
and
Part Second
(1831)
Not originally intended for deaf children
Explains the importance of learning to distinguish among sensations, emotions, mental states, and operations of the mind
The Child's Book on the Soul
The Child's Book on Repentance, Designed, Also, for Older Persons
(1834)
Natural Theology
(1840s)
Scripture Biographies for the Young for the American Tract Society
Practical Illustrations and Remarks of the Fall
(1834)
The History of Jonah, for Children and Youth
(1833)
The History of Joseph
(1834)
The History of Josiah
(1837)
Gallaudet's work after the Asylum
Headed and served on board of multiple schools
"... an idealist in search of a situation in which he could effect his ideals" (152)
Supported women but very superficially
Criticisms of deaf education
Overemphasis on memorization
Insufficient cultivation of English language
No attention to the various operations of the mind as described by Edinburgh philosopher
Lack of practical application
He was actually really good with kids in real life
Gallaudet and Advocacy for Public Education
Purpose of public education over time
1720s - 1730s: patriotism
1820s - 1830s: production of God-fearing citizens
"Public education came to be seen as an arm of the state and a substitute, to some extent, for the disestablishment of the church." (169)
Focused on innovations in the physical schoolroom and teaching aids
Blackboards
Training for teachers in common schools
Seminaries to save time and money for everyone
Founded the Society for the Improvement of the Common Schools
Teachers' convention in Hartford in November 1830
Proper postures
1850 - Connecticut opens first normal school
Methods of Teaching (at the Asylum)
Whole-word instruction: the word was taught to the learner as a whole and its meaning, then later on you would concentrate on the individual letters
Exercises were published in
The Mother's Primer
(~1836)
Supporters of whole-word instruction
Cyrus Peirce - president of first normal school in Lexington
Josiah Bumstead - adopted G's method
Mary Tyler Peabody -
Primer of Reading and Drawing
Horace Mann - Massachusetts secretary of education
Critics of whole-word instruction
1844 - Boston schoolteacher notes the method converts alphabetic reading into ideographic - but ignores that alphabetic and phonetic aspects were taught in
The Mother's Primer
Samuel S. Greene - attacked solely on grounds that it was developed for the deaf
Women and inequality
Girls had lower academic expectations
Families would pay for the boys to have better and longer schooling compared to the girls
Alice and Dr. Cogswell
Dr. Cogswell died early December 1830 (nearly 70)
Alice Cogswell died end of December 1830 (25)
Her father was controlling an she didn't have a social life or anyone else to depend on
Most likely suicide by ingestion of arsenic
Learned this most likely from Sarah Ann Colt who committed suicide the same method a year earlier (Colts were good friends of Cogswells)
Says her friend Sarah most likely wanted to join her mother and sisters in Heave - Alice most likely was trying to achieve the same