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The Ocean, Formed from collision of the Farallon Plate with the N.…

- - - - Crab
      - Shrimp
      - Lobster
    - - Gastropods
      - Cephalopods
      - Bivalves
  - - - Hagfish
      - Lampreys
    - - Cartilaginous Fish
        
        Manta Rays
        
        Great White Shark
        
        Blue Shark
      - Bony Fish
        
        Atliantic Bluefin Tuna
        
        Sunfish
        
        Australian Seahorse
  - - - LeatherBack
      - LoggerHead
      - Hawksbill
  - - - Charadriiformes
        
        SeaGulls
        
        Canary Islands Oyster Catcher
        
        Puffins
      - Suliformes
        
        Great Cormorant
        
        Northern Gannet
        
        Ascension Frigatebird
      - Pelicans
        
        Pink-Backed Pelican
        
        Australian Pelican
        
        Brown Pelican
      - Procellariiformes
        
        Albatrosses
        
        Shearwaters
        
        Petrels
    - - Falkland Steamer duck
      - Flightless Comorant
      - Penguins
        
        Rockhopper Penguin
        
        African Penguin
        
        Emperor Penguin
        
        Adelie Penguin
  - - - Blue Whale
      - Minke Whale
      - Bowhead whale
      - North Atlantic Right Whale
    - - Delphinoidea
        
        Dolphins
        
        Killer Whale
        
        Humpback Dolphin
        
        Bottlenose Dolphin
        
        Porpoises
        
        Spectacled Porpoise
        
        Harbour Porpoise
        
        Finless porpoise
        
        Beluga Whales
        
        Narwhals
      - Beaked Whales
        
        Spade-Toothed Whale
        
        Ginko toothed beaked whale
        
        Sowerby's Beaked Whale
        
        Bottlenose Whales
      - Sperm Whales
        
        Dwarf Sperm Whale
        
        Pygmy Sperm Whale
        
        Sperm Whale
- - - - tectonic movement occurs, but hotspots are stationary
        
        Island Chains
        
        Hawaiin-Emperor Seamount Chain
        
        Seamounts as erosion occurs
        
        Can be used to track plate movement
      - Hawaiin island of Kīlauea
  - - - Continental sources
        
        Range of sizes
        
        Created through weathering processes
        
        Pre-Existing Rocks
        
        Clay Minerals,
        
        Quartz, Feldspar, durable minerals
        
        Iron Oxides
        
        Transported a from continental landmass
        
        Wind
        
        Rivers, Ocean Currents
    - - Calcareous Oozes
        
        Most Common pelagic sediment
        
        Microscopic CaCO3 rich shells
        
        Microorganisms
        
        Foraminifera
        
        Coccolithophores
      - Red Clays
        
        Long distance transport processes
        
        Quartz, Clay Minerals, Volcanic Ash
        
        Fine sediments that remain after dissolution of the oozes
      - Silicious Oozes
        
        Microscopic, SiO2 rich shells
        
        microorganisms
        
        Radiolaria
        
        Diatoms
        
        Uncommon
    - - Driving factors
        
        Bactieral
        
        Temperature changes
        
        Hydrothermal vents
      - Chemical precipitates
        
        Iron Nodules
        
        Manganese Nodules
        
        Methane Hydrates
  - - - Volcanic Activity
        
        Mid-Ocean Ridges
        
        Fast Spreading Ridge; Hot Magma
        
        East Pacific Rise
        
        Slow Spreading ridge; Cool Magma
        
        Mid-Atlantic Ridge
        
        Gakkel Ridge
        
        Southwest Indian Ridge
        
        Hydrothermal Vents
        
        Underwater Chimneys
        
        Creates Communities
        
        Cutthroat Eel
        
        Crabs
        
        Chemosynthetic Bacteria
        
        Other Benthic Organism
        
        Ore deposits
        
        Sphalerite ->Zinc
        
        Galena ->Lead
        
        Chalcopyrite -> Copper
        
        Minerals are Sulphide Based
        
        Crust Creation
        
        Basaltic Pillow Lavas
        
        Gabbro
        
        Peridotites
      - Oceanic Rifting
        
        Seafloor Magnetic Stripes
        
        Seafloor Spreading Rates
        
        Isotopic Dating
        
        Polarity Reversal
        
        Mechanism
        
        Mantle Convection
        
        Continental breakup
        
        Current Continents
        
        North America
        
        Antarctica
        
        Paleo-Continents
        
        Laurentia
        
        Rodinia
        
        Gondwana
        
        Continental Drift Theory
    - - Continental Collision
        
        Subduction processes
        
        Ophiolite complexes
        
        Tectonic Plate Sinks
        
        Water is released
        
        Lowers Melting Point of Crust
        
        Lowers Melting point
        
        Volcanic Activity Occurs
        
        Volcanic Island Arcs
        
        2 more items...
        
        Continental Volcanic Arcs
        
        2 more items...
        
        Temperatures increase with depth
        
        Deformation
        
        Rocks fold
        
        Metamorphic Rocks Form
        
        Blueschist Facies
        
        Eclogite Facies
        
        Oceanic Trenchs
        
        Orogensis
        
        Uplift
        
        Crust Crumples and Thickens
        
        Mountains Form
        
        Appalachian Mountains
        
        Rockie Mountains
        
        Seismic Activity
        
        Earthquakes occur as plates slip
        
        Seismic activity can be used to "image" mantle
        
        Inter-plate friction
        
        Tsunamis form from seismic energy
- - - - Travel
        
        Caribbean Industry
        
        Mediterranean Industry
      - Vacation
        
        Relaxation
    - - Wave Motion
      - Marine Life
      - Icebergs
    - - Swimming
      - Surfing
      - Sailing
      - Nature of,
        
        Personal / Familial
        
        Competition
  - - - Fisheries
      - Transport
      - Oil production
    - - Water Chemistry
      - Oceanic Biology
      - Marine Geology
  - - - Bycatch
      - Ghost Nets
      - Population Decline
    - - Climate Change
        
        Changes in temp
        
        Changes in PH
        
        Acidification, Bleaching
      - Produced by Industry
        
        Marine Engineering
        
        Ocean Drilling
    - - Plastics, Trash
        
        Trapped in Gyres
        
        Great Pacific Garbage Patch
      - Chemical
        
        Pesticides
        
        Fertilizers
        
        Mercury
      - Marine Conservation
- - - - Surficial Wave
        
        Breaking Waves
        
        Trough
        
        Crest
        
        Capillary Waves
        
        Tidal Waves
        
        Extremely long wavelength
      - Subsurface Waves
        
        Form at Density Boundaries
        
        Slower
        
        Larger Heights
      - Oscillating
      - Hazards
        
        Tsunamis
    - - Unidirectional, save for the Antarctic Current
      - Combine to form large systems; Gyres
        
        large scale, hemispherical sized circulation
        
        Deflection occurs from Coriolis effect
        
        can see the effects in the form of mid ocean "garbage patch"
        
        North Atlantic Gyre
        
        N. Equatorial Current
        
        Gulf Stream Current
        
        N. Atlantic Current
        
        Canary Current
      - Large scale movement
      - Eddies
        
        Small, offshoot currents
        
        Unstable
    - - Gravitational Fluctuation
        
        Diurnal Variation
        
        Tidal Forces
      - Solar Radiation
        
        Heating/cooling Cycles
        
        Wind / Atmospheric circulation
        
        Thermohaline Circulation
        
        Warm, light seawater masses driven by wind-generated currents, moves poleward
        
        Cold, dense seawater masses "sink", move towards the equater
  - - - Calm, Stable
        
        More homogenous sections
        
        Constant Salinity
        
        Constant Temperature
      - 90% of ocean volume
      - Ceiling is the Thermocline
        
        Water is denser now
        
        Less mixing with active layer
        
        CO2 mixing on ~1000 year timescale
        
        Water is colder now
    - - Top ~200m of Water
      - Floor is the Thermocline
        
        Steep Temperature Gradient
        
        Negative Sound Speed Gradient
        
        Coincides with Pycnocline
      - Active
        
        Turbulent waters
        
        Atmospheric Gas Equilibrium
        
        Mixing
        
        Scale is 10-100years
  - - - Atlantic Ocean
      - Arctic Ocean
    - - Iapetus Ocean
      - Tethys Ocean