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[biology]4.3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a stick containing monoclanoal antibodies (mAbs) specific to hCG
      - mAbs attached to a blue bead (free to move)
      - mAbs fixed to the test stick
  - - - used in pregnancy test kits
      - treatment of cancer
      - detection of pathogens
      - location of cancer cells and blood clots
- - - - The non-specific defence system works to prevent pathogens from entering the body.
      - The skin
      - ● Acts as a physical barrier
      - ● It produces antimicrobial secretions to kill pathogens
      - ● Good microorganisms known as skin flora compete with the bad microorganisms for
      - space and nutrients
      - The nose
      - ● Has hairs and mucus (sticky substance) which prevent particles from entering your
      - lungs
      - The trachea and bronchi
      - ● Secrete mucus in order to trap pathogens
      - ● Cilia (hair-like structures on cells) beat to waft mucus upwards so it can be
      - swallowed
      - The stomach
      - ● Produces hydrochloric acid that kills any pathogens in your mucus, or food and
      - drink
      - https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
      - https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
      - https://bit.ly/pmt-edu
      - https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc
      - The specific immune
- - - - it spreads via direct sexual contact and the exchange of bodily fluids e.g. blood,breastmilk
      - how to reduce spread
        
        use of condoms
        
        screening of blood for transfusion
        
        bottle feeding by HIV positive mothers
        
        not sharing needles
        
        use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent the development of AIDS
- - - - once inside the body, they divide rapidly by binary fission. they kill cells and produce harmful toxins
      - salmonella
        
        a type of bacteria found in raw meat,poultry and eggs if they enter the body via food poisoning, they can affect natural gut bacteria
        
        symptoms
        
        abdominal cramps
        
        vomiting
        
        fever
        
        diarrhea
        
        preventing salmonella
        
        keep raw meat away for cooked meat
        
        disinfect hands and surfaces after contact with raw meat
        
        vaccinating animals intended for consumption
        
        thoroughly cook meat
      - gonorrhoea
        
        a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by unprotected sex with an infected individual. early symptoms include yellow/green discharge from genitals and painful urination
    - - a disease causing microorganism e.g. bacteria
      - how pathogens spread
        
        by air -tuberculosis and the common cold
        
        by water-fungal spores in water spread plant infections
        
        by direct contact-common in plant diseases and sexually transmitted diseases
      - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s
    - - The spread of malaria be reduced
        
        Using insect nets to avoid bites
        
        Prevent mosquito breeding by removing stagnant water
        
        Using insecticides
        
        Antimalarial drugs
        
        The skin prevent pathogens from entering the body
        
        Scab formation after skin is cut
        
        Antimicrobial secretions which can kill pathogens
        
        Acts as a physical barrier
        
        Healthy skin flora compete with pathogens and act as an additional barrier.
        
        The respiratory system prevent pathogens from entering the body
        
        Nose- has hairs and mucus which trap pathogens
        
        Trachea and bronchi - have mucus that traps pathogens.
        
        The stomach prevent pathogens infecting the body?
        
        Secretes hydrochloric acid - kills any pathogens present.
- - - - Magnesium ions are required to synthesise chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis.
      - Stunted growth
      - Spotted leaves
      - Decay
      - Growths
      - Malformation
      - Discolouratin
      - Presence of pests
    - - Laboratory testing
      - Monoclonal antibody test kits
      - Reference to a gardening website or manual
    - - Outside layer on stems
      - Leaf fall
      - Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
      - Cellulose cell walls
    - - Poisons
      - Antibacterial chemical
    - - Leaves that droop
      - Mimicry to trick animals
      - Thorns and hairs to deter animals
    - - a fungal disease which causes purple and black spots to develop on rose leaves. it reduces the area of the leaf that is available for photosynthesis
        
        spreading
        
        fungal spores are spread by wind and water
        
        treatment
        
        destroying infected leaves
        
        using fungicides
- - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBkVCpbNnkU