Chapter 1:
1.1 Introduction to Tourism, Planning & Development


Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside of their environment. While Planning can helps under or low developed destinations to receive guidelines for future tourism development. Lastly, Development is a process where a society moves from one condition to another and to the goal of that process, where society may achieve condition or state of development.

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1.3 Categories of Country based on Development Stage

1.2 Evolution of Development Concepts

History


Traditionally, development has been defined in terms of western-style modernisation achieved through economic grow
(Redclift,1987 as cited in Telfer, 2002)

1950s and 1960s

The path of development relates to the series of the economic steps or stages.
(Rostow, 1960 as cited in Telfer, 2002)

Late 1960s

Many countries economic growth was failed to solve social and political problems and some countries had realised their economic growth targets but the levels of living of the masses of people remained for the most part unchanged.
(Todaro, 2000: 14 as cited in Telfer, 2002)

1970s

The widespread of poverty and unemployment cause a new view to consider broader definition of development concept.

1980s

Realise the emergence of the concept of global sustainable development according to Brundtland Report.
(WCED, 1987)

1990s

The United Nations Development Programmes on Human Development Report defines development as the enlargement of peoples choice, the most critical being to lead a long, healthy life to acquire knowledge and to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living.

2015

Millennium Development Goals
(United Nations Foundations, 2015)

  1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
  1. Reduce child mortality
  1. Ensure environmental sustainability
  1. Improve maternal health
  1. Promote gender equality
    and empower women
  1. Achieve universal primary education
  1. Combat hiv/aids, malaria and other diseases
  1. A global partnership for development

2020s

Sustainable Development Goals
Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development
(United Nations, 2015)

  1. No poverty
  1. Zero hunger
  1. Good health and well-being
  1. Quality education
  1. Gender equality
  1. Clean water and sanitation
  1. Affordable and clean energy
  1. Decent work and economic growth
  1. Industry, innovation and infrastructure
  1. Reduced inequalities
  1. Sustainable cities and communities
  1. Responsible consumption and production
  1. Climate action
  1. Life below water
  1. Life on land
  1. Peace, justice and strong institutions
  1. Partnerships for the goals

Tourism Development Concept

Tourism development is being viewed through three stages (Noronha, 1976 as cited in Gartner, 1996)

  1. Discovery of an area by tourist
  1. Tourists flows increase and host societies respond to the economic activity
  1. Fully institutionalised

Miossec (1977) as cited in Gartner 1996, identify destination evolution through physical change based on four levels

  1. Development of facilities
  1. Development of transportation
  1. Development of tourists behavior
  1. Attitudes of decision makers and population of receiving regions

Butler (1980), portrays tourism development through six stages

  1. Exploration
  1. Involvement
  1. Development
  1. Consolidation
  1. Stagnation
  1. Decline

1.3.1 The United Nations tracks all countries in the world according to the development of each places

1.3.1.1 Developed Countries

Majority of developed countries are western nations like the United States, Canada, Western and Northern Europe, Australia and New Zealand.


The only two exceptions to this categories are Japan and Israel


These countries have close economic and political ties with the United States which benefits them.

1.3.1.2 Economies in Transition

Countries in transition are generally defined as having a centrally planned economy that is switching to a market economy.


They are found mostly around Russia. The Russia Federation is the most notable country in transition.


Most of Russia's neighbours are also countries in transition.

1.3.1.3 Developing Countries

Developing economies are numerous and are generally located in the regions of the Asia Pacific, South America, Africa and the Middle East.


Country in Latin America and the Caribbean are also consider as developing except Haiti, the least developed countries.

1.3.1.4 Least Developed Countries

Mostly, the least developed countries in the world are found in Africa.


There are a few exceptions in the Asia Pacific, the Middle East and in Haiti.

1.3.2 Underdevelopment

1.3.2.1 Income per capita/person

Based on the three-year average estimate of the per capita gross national income (GNI), with a threshold of $992 for candidate countries for addition to the list and threshold of $1190 for graduation from LDC status.

1.3.2.2 Human assets

Involving a composite index (the Human Assets Index)

1.3.2.3 Economic Vulnerability

i. Nutrition

ii. Health

iii. School enrolment

iv. Literacy

Involving a composite index (the Economic Vulnerability Index)

i. Natural shocks

ii. Trade-related shocks

iii. Physical exposure to shocks

iv. Economic exposure to shocks

v. Remoteness