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Chapter 1: 1.1 Introduction to Tourism, Planning & Development …

- - - - Majority of developed countries are western nations like the United States, Canada, Western and Northern Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
        The only two exceptions to this categories are Japan and Israel
        These countries have close economic and political ties with the United States which benefits them.
    - - Countries in transition are generally defined as having a centrally planned economy that is switching to a market economy.
        They are found mostly around Russia. The Russia Federation is the most notable country in transition.
        Most of Russia's neighbours are also countries in transition.
    - - Developing economies are numerous and are generally located in the regions of the Asia Pacific, South America, Africa and the Middle East.
        Country in Latin America and the Caribbean are also consider as developing except Haiti, the least developed countries.
    - - Mostly, the least developed countries in the world are found in Africa.
        There are a few exceptions in the Asia Pacific, the Middle East and in Haiti.
  - - - Based on the three-year average estimate of the per capita gross national income (GNI), with a threshold of $992 for candidate countries for addition to the list and threshold of $1190 for graduation from LDC status.
    - - Involving a composite index (the Human Assets Index)
        
        i. Nutrition
        
        ii. Health
        
        iii. School enrolment
        
        iv. Literacy
    - - Involving a composite index (the Economic Vulnerability Index)
        
        i. Natural shocks
        
        ii. Trade-related shocks
        
        iii. Physical exposure to shocks
        
        iv. Economic exposure to shocks
        
        v. Remoteness
- - - - The path of development relates to the series of the economic steps or stages.
        (Rostow, 1960 as cited in Telfer, 2002)
      - Late 1960s
        
        Many countries economic growth was failed to solve social and political problems and some countries had realised their economic growth targets but the levels of living of the masses of people remained for the most part unchanged.
        (Todaro, 2000: 14 as cited in Telfer, 2002)
        
        1970s
        
        The widespread of poverty and unemployment cause a new view to consider broader definition of development concept.
        
        1980s
        
        Realise the emergence of the concept of global sustainable development according to Brundtland Report.
        (WCED, 1987)
        
        1990s
        
        The United Nations Development Programmes on Human Development Report defines development as the enlargement of peoples choice, the most critical being to lead a long, healthy life to acquire knowledge and to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living.
        
        2015
        
        Millennium Development Goals
        (United Nations Foundations, 2015)
        
        8 more items...
        
        2020s
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Discovery of an area by tourist
      - Tourists flows increase and host societies respond to the economic activity
      - Fully institutionalised
    - - Development of facilities
      - Development of transportation
      - Development of tourists behavior
      - Attitudes of decision makers and population of receiving regions
    - - Exploration
      - Involvement
      - Development
      - Consolidation
      - Stagnation
      - Decline