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Injection Addictives :check: - Coggle Diagram
Injection Addictives :check:
ANTIMICROBIALS AGENTS
A suitable preservative system is required in all multiple dose parenteral products to inhibit the growth of microorganism accidentally introduced during withdraw of individual doses
How is it work: prevent the growth of any microorganism that could be introduced of there were any inadvertent breach of asepsis during filling operations.
Example: • Benzalkonium chloride • Benzethonium chloride • Benzyl alcohol • Phenol • Metacresol
Preservatives may be to single dose parenteral products that are not terminally sterilized as a sterility assurance measure
ANTIOXIDANT
Drugs possessing a favorable oxidation potential will be especially vulnerable to oxidation. For example, a great number of drugs are formulated in the reduced form (e.g. epinephrine,morphine,ascorbic acid,e.t.c.) and are easily oxidized.
Many drugs in solutions are subject to oxidative degradation. Such reaction are mediated by free radicals or by molecular oxygen or removal of hydrogen . Oxidative decomposition is catalyzed by metal, hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.
How is it work : By increasing the oxidation potential of the drug oxidation can be minimized.
Example Salts of sulfur dioxide including bisulfite , metabisulfite and sulfite are the most common antioxidant used in aqueous parenteral.
BUFFERS
Change in pH may occur during storage by the following ways:-
• By dissolving gas constituent in the product
• By releasing of constituents from rubber closures or plastic components in contact with the product
• By dissolving of gas and vapours from airspace in the container
Examples:- • Acetic acid • Adipic acid • Citric acid • Sodium bicarbonate • Sodium carbonate
Added to maintain pH and to stabilize a solution from chemical degradation.
How is it work : Reactions within the product Buffer system for parenterals consist of either a weak base or a salt of weak base or a weak acid or salt of weak acid.
CHELATING AGENT
Example : Edetate disodium • Edetate tetrasodium
To remove trace elements that catalyse oxidative degeneration
How is it work Chelating agents are chemical compounds that react with metal ions to form a stable, water-soluble complex. Specific chelating agents bind iron, lead, or copper in the blood and can be used to treat excessively high levels of these metals
TONICITY ADJUSTMENT AGENTS
EXAMPLES:- • Sodium chloride • Gelatin • Lactose • Dextrose • Sorbitol
How is it work: Isotonicity is important for parenteral preparation because the possibility that the product may penetrate red blood cell and cause hemolysis is greatly reduced if the solution is isotonic with blood