Imperial Presidents
Aiko Kamibayashi
Involvement with Spain, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, China, and the Philippines.
Annexed Hawaii to the United States.
Spanish-American War
Spain
America warned Spain to establish peace with Cuba or else they would step in.
Spain failed to do so, and was accused of plotting the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine warship at Havana harbor.
"Remember the Maine"
War begins.
The United States claimed victory over Spain and signed the Treaty of Paris. This gave Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific island of Guam to the U.S.
The Philippines was also bought from Spain for $20 million.
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Guam
Philippines
America set up naval bases in these territories, and as trade increased, the American economy began to improve as well.
William McKinley
(1896-1901)
Angered that their promise of independence was not met,
Emilio Aguinaldo organized an insurrection which led to
war with the U.S.
The Filipinos believed that their desire for independence was very similar to the Patriots of the American Revolution.
Open Door Policy
China
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese secret society (Boxers) rebelled against "foreign devils." Multinational forces stepped in to stop the Boxers.
argued for equal privileges among countries trading with China
Crucial to rebound from economic depression
Wanted to "preserve Chinese territorial and administrative entity"
Goal was to bring American businesses the new foreign markets they needed. They did not want colonies in China.
Theodore Roosevelt
(1901-1908)
"Big Stick" Diplomacy
"Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far"
Russo-Japanese War
Japan wanted to expand its influence in China and attacked troops in Manchuria, a region that bordered Russia
Japan and Russia met in New Hampshire where President Roosevelt convinced the two countries to sign a peace treaty for which he went on to receive a Nobel Peace Prize for.
Involved with Japan
Russia
Anti-Asian sentiment on the west coast of the U.S. stirred trouble with Japan.
San Francisco School Board banned Japanese, Chinese, and Korean children from attending school with white children.
"Gentlemen's Agreement"
The school board ended its segregation policy while Japan promised to limit emigration to the United States.
Japan's expansion at the expense of China, Korea, and Russia became a concern.
Great White Fleet
"good will cruise" around the world
Involved with the Philippines
Appointed William Howard Taft as the first governor of the Philippines who created roads, bridges, schools, and a health care system for the Filipinos.
Goals
American military should be used to achieve goals.
"Civilize" other countries.
Nations should not be self-governed.
Support of Panama Rebellion in order for it to gain access to Panama from the Colombian government.
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt had a dream of creating passage from the Caribbean Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through Central America.
Bought Panama route for $40 million
Allow U.S. navy to gain control of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Increase military security and protect new territories
Shipping and trade can reach foreign markets easily and more cheaply.
Monroe Doctrine: updated for expansionism and economic influence
The United States would assumed the role of police power, restore power, nd deprive other creditors of the excuse to intervene.
Would keep the western hemisphere free from European intervention.
Latin American Response
Believed Latin Americans could police themselves and the U.S. threatened the "sovereignty and liberty" of their people.
Nicaraguan spokesman Augusto Sandino led an army of guerillas against U.S. Marines in the 1920s.
William Howard Taft
(1909-1912)
Dollar Diplomacy
Involved with...
Nicaragua
China
Aimed to increase American investments and influence in businesses and banks throughout Central America and the Caribbean.
Continued a less aggressive version of Roosevelt's policies.
Expanded American trade through foreign policy.
Worked to expand economic opportunities in China through the open door policy.
Worked toward stability in Latin America.
Sent troops to protect formation of pro-American governments in Nicaragua.
Mexico
Planned to order troops to be sent to the Mexican border to protect American investments from a revolutionary Mexico.
Did not go through with this plan, and instead, left the mess to his successor.
Woodrow Wilson
(1913-1920)
Moral Diplomacy
Goals:
Involvement with Haiti, France, Germany, Mexico, Dominican Republic and Haiti.
Haiti
Sent troops to protect American investments and guard against German and French aggression.
Persuaded Haiti to give the U.S. control of financial and foreign affairs.
France
Germany
Dominican Republic
Wilson sent U.S. soldiers and sailors to protect American investments.
Believed the U.S. should spread peace and democracy rather than colonize foreign countries.
Wilson believed in self-governed foreign countries as well.
Continued the use of the U.S. military in Latin America. Wilson also wanted to start a friendship with Latin America.
Mexico
Wilson did not favor General Huerta, but did support Venustiano Carranza who organized anti-Huerta forces.
After the defeat of Huerta, another rebel, Francisco "Pancho" Villa arise against Wilson and Carranza.
Villa killed 18 Americans, and in return, President Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to hunt him down.
In 1917, he withdrew his troops from Mexico in preparation for World War I just around the corner.
The U.S. declared war on Germany.
With Pershing not hunting Villa, he was sent to command the American Expeditionary Force in France
Venustiano Carranza
Victoriano Huerta
John J. Pershing
