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Macromolecules, Synthesis - Coggle Diagram
Macromolecules
Proteins
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There are four main structures of protein: primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary.
The primary structure of protein is bonded through peptide bonds. The sequence is determined by DNA. In order to form protein's primary structure, the nitrogen from the amino acid group and the oxygen from the carboxyl group bond with peptide bonds.
The secondary structure of protein is bonded through hydrogen bonds between the amino acid and carboxyl groups. There are two types of secondary structures: alpha helix, which is bonded as I said above, and the beta pleated sheet, which is bonded through repeated folds that are bonded next to each other.
The basic structure of an amino acid is: hydrogen on top, amino acid group (hydrogen and nitrogen) on the left, r-group (all other compounds in the amino acid) on the bottom, and carboxyl (carbon and oxygen) on the right.
Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides. Some common proteins are chicken, eggs, and nuts.
The tertiary structure of a protein is a complex 3 dimensional structure that is determined by its cellular environment. In a polar environment, it folds in on itself so that the hydrophilic molecules are on the outside of the structure are exposed to the polar environment, whereas the hydrophobic molecules fold inside the structure so that they are protected from the environment. The reverse is true in non-polar environments. These structures are bonded through disulfide (a bond between two sulfurs), covalent (sharing ions) and ionic bonds (giving and taking ions).
Proteins are used inside the body to make enzymes (for example, for digestion) and hormones. They are also used to build and repair tissues, and are used to build bones and tissue.
Lipids
Some foods that are high in lipids are salmon, peanut butter, cheese and avocado.
There are three types of lipids: fats, oils, and waxes.
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Lipids are made up of long chains of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Due to their complex nature, they do not have monomers and are therefore not "true" macromolecules.
Lipids are joined together by Ester bonds, which are formed between a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.
Lipids can be used in the body for long term energy storage. They are the main component of cell and plasma membrane. Waxes are waterproof coverings for plants, animals, and insect exoskeletons.
Carbohydrates
The monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, which are made up of carbon. They have two levels of polymers: disaccharides and polysaccharides, which are composed of glucose.
Carbohydrates are structured into molecular hexagons. Monosaccharides are one hexagon, whereas disaccharides and polysaccharides are chains of these hexagons.
Polysaccharides are bonded through glycosidic bonds. They are covalent bonds unique to carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are important to the body as they maintain energy. They fuel many important parts of the body, including the nervous system, the heart and the brain. Fiber, a carbohydrate, helps lower cholesterol.
Some common forms of carbohydrates are potatoes, pasta, bread, fruits and vegetables.
Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic acids are made of chainlike structures composed of nucleotides. These structures are bonded together covalently. The phosphate group of one nucleotide is bonded to the sugar rings of another.
Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids. They are made of a 5 carbon sugar ring, a phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen, and a nitrogenous base.
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate is "energy currency". It is made up of phosphate groups that are bonded through slightly unstable covalent bonds, The bonds are unstable because phosphate groups are negatively charged. When the bonds are broken through hydrolysis reactions, energy is released for the body to use.
Synthesis
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Dehydration synthesis is the way in which monomers or polymers are bonded together. During the process of bonding, one side loses an oxygen molecule, and another side loses a hydrogen molecule.