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Communicable diseases and infections, lol, text - Coggle Diagram
Communicable diseases and infections
A communicable disease, also known as an infectious disease, is spread by a pathogen.
What is a pathogen?
A pathogen is a microorganism which causes disease, common pathogens are bacteria and viruses.
how the diseases can get transmitted
By air (droplet infection) - When you are will you expel droplets full of pathogens from your breathing system, others will breathe these droplets in.
Direct contact – Pathogens such as HIV can spread through contact of bodily fluids, the pathogen can pass from one orgasm to another through direct sexual contact, cuts, scratches and sharing needles
Food or Water – Drinking untreated water or eating raw, undercooked or contaminated food can cause a pathogen to enter your body via the digestive system
what are monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies that are clones from a parent cell
communicable diseases
Viruses
● Very small
● They move into cells and use the biochemistry of it to make many copies of itself
● This leads to the cell bursting and releasing all of the copies into the bloodstream
● The damage and the destruction of the cells makes the individual feel ill
Bacteria
● Small
● They multiply very quickly through dividing by a process called binary fission
● They produce toxins that can damage cells
Protists
● Some are parasitic, meaning they use humans and animals as their hosts (live on
and inside, causing damage)
Fungi
● They can either be single celled or have a body made of hyphae (thread-like
structures)
● They can produce spores which can be spread to other organisms
Described how the antibodies are produced
antigen injected into an animal
uses of monoclonal antibodies
detection of pathogens 2.location of cancer cells 3. treatment for cancer
what are myeloma cells
type of tumour cells
Drug Tests
a good medicine is effective- it prevents or cures the disease it is aimed at or at least makes you better ; safe-must not be toxic or have an unacceptable side effects stable- you need to be able to use the medicine under normal conditions and store it
Every new medical treatment has to be extensively tested and trialled. This process makes sure that it works well and is as safe as possible.
A placebo is a dummy/fake drug which will look and taste just like the real drug but contains no active ingredients.
Scientists ensure a fair test by checking each of the patients taking part in the study aren’t pregnant, aren’t taking medication and are generally healthy.
A double-blind trial is when neither the patient or doctors knows whether the patient is taking the real drug or the placebo
Before the trial begins patients will have base-line checks, during the trial they will also eat and take their drugs at set times.
Plant Diseases
Causes of disease
Insects
Viral, bacterial or
fungal pathogens
Nutrient
deficiencies
Plant defences
Mechanical
Mimicry
Thorns and hairs
Leaf Responses
Chemical
Poisons
Antibacterial Chemicals
Physical
Bark/dead cells
around stem
Cellulose cell
walls
Waxy cuticle
Detecting disease
Methods of
identifying disease
Use gardening
manual/website
Test in lab
Monoclonal antibody
test kits
Symptoms
Abnormal or stunted growth,
rot, discolouration, spots on
leaves, visible signs of
pathogens (e.g. bacterial
slime/eggs)
Defence mechanisms
Hygene
Simple hygiene measures as one of the most effective ways to stop the spread of pathogens
such as
Ensure you cover your mouth with a tissue or handkerchief if you cough/sneeze
Use disinfectant to wipe surfaces, killing pathogens
Washing hands, especially if you have been in contact with somebody with an infection, with food or with animals
Maintain the hygiene of people and agricultural machinery to stop the spread of plant pathogens
Isolating infected individuals
If somebody with Ebola has an infected disease, especially a serious disease, they need to be kept isolation. This will make it less likely that the pathogen will be passed on.
Vaccination
During vaccination doctors introduce a small amount of a harmless form of a specific pathogen or antigens into your body. This triggers your immune system to producing antibodies to destroy this pathogen so if you come up against it again you will be prepared.
Destroying/controlling vectors
Some infectious diseases can be passed on by vectors, e.g. mosquitoes carry a range of diseases such as malaria & dengue fever. Houseflies can carry over 100 human diseases. By controlling the numbers of spread of vectors, the spread of infections can also be controlled.
Each day you come across millions of disease-causing microorganisms. Fortunately your body has several ways of stopping the pathogens getting inside.
Some examples are
Skin
Scab
Your breathing system
stomach acid
viral diseases
Measles
Treatment
There is no treatment for measles, so if
someone becomes infected they need to
be isolated to stop the spread of the virus.
Measles is now rare in the UK as a result
of improved living conditions and a
vaccination programme for young
children. The challenge is to vaccine
children globally and make deaths from
measles a thing of the past
How is the virus spread?
the virus spreads by the inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes and is very infectious
HIV/AIDs
Symptoms
mild flu-like illness, after the initial illness is can remain hidden in the immune system for years until the immune system is badly damaged it can n longer deal with infections or certain cancers
trearment
there is no cure
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Applications
Treatment
Cancer treatment
Cancer treatment
Monoclonal
antibody
bound to...
Fungal & Protist Diseases
There are few fungal diseases that affect people, one relatively minor skin condition caused by fungi is athlete's foot.
In plants, fungal disease can be common and hugely devastating.
Protists (single-celled organisms) are relatively rare pathogens but the diseases they cause are often serious and damaging.
Diseases caused by protists often involve a vector that transfers the protist to the host.
Rose black spot causes black/purple spots to form on the leaves, eventually these leaves turn yellow and fall off the plant. This means there is less space for photosynthesis to occur (as less leaves) which means the rose plant will not make as much food as healthy plants. The lack of food means the plant will not be able to develop normally and therefore will produce smaller/less flowers.
Malaria is passed from one person to another by a mosquito carrying a protist, if the mosquito feeds on the blood of an individual the protist may be injected into the bloodstream. If it reaches the liver of the individual it can cause serious damage
The nets are impregnated with insecticide which will deter the mosquitoes from landing on/going near the nets. The nets will not allow mosquitoes through to bite humans, therefore preventing the spread of the protist.
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