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HARRY POTTER AND THE CHAMBER OF SECRETS, THE READING PUBLIC INCREASE…

- - - - Third-person point of view
        
        Focus on Harry
    - - In third person
        
        Not omniscent
        
        He tells us what Harry's thinking, feeling, and seeing
  - - - Harry doubts about his identiity
    - - Make the right and own choice, even if it go against rules. Loyalty and trust are important.
    - - The hate toward the Muggle-born (Mud-blood).
        Harry throughout the story opposes this racist way of thinking.
    - - Not give up in front of obstacles.
  - - - Recurring element in European culture
    - - Dumbledore is Merlin. Harry is Arthur. Excalibur is the sword of the camber
    - - Harry is the hero
        and the way he kills the basilisk implies courage, not magic. The basilisk is a dragon. Ginny is a damsel in distress.
  - - - DISRUPTIVE ELEMENTS
        
        DEVELOPEMENT
        
        OUTCOME
        
        CONCLUSION
        
        Tom riddle is beaten, Hermione is saved and Hagrid returns from Azkaban
        
        Harry saves Dobby
        
        At Hogwarts Harry hears voices, people are petrified, Hagrid is arrested and Harry finds Tom's diary
        
        Dobby enters Harry's room and demands that he won't return to Hogwarts
      - Harry is at Durley's house
  - - - HELPERS
        
        OPPONENTS
        
        SENDERS
        
        QUEST
        
        MISSION
        
        Find the chamber of secrets
        
        Kill Voldemort
        
        Lucius Malfoy
        
        Tom Riddle / Voldemort
        
        Ron, Hermione, Dobby, Moaning Myrtle, Hagrid
      - Harry Potter
  - - - Each character has a different style of speaking influenced by his character or by his role in the school.
  - - - Muggle word and wizarding world are linked but they follow independent rules. There are lots of races: humans, monsters, wizards, ghosts, house-elf.
    - - Every character of wizard world has got powers. Basilisks: Greek and Roman mythology.
        Ghosts: british culture.
        Arargog: legend of Aracne
    - - Autobiographycal novel
        
        Crime novel
        
        Fantasy novel
        
        Historical novel
        
        Social novel
        
        Science-fiction novel
        
        GENRE
        
        Epistolary Novel
        
        Science-fiction Novel
        
        Gothic Novel
        
        (Romantic Novel)
        
        FRANKENSTEIN
        
        CHARACTERS
        
        Victor Frankenstein: : the scientist was created the creature, his life was based on the study of science. At the end he died Presented in Letter IV
        
        The creature: it is made of pieces of other died bodies, it is very strength and his character is very strange because he was quiet but when people repudiated it, it became angry. Presented in letter IV.
        
        Elizabeth Beaufort: She was Victor’s wife and she died on the wedding night as a revenge from the monster to Victor. Presented in Chapter 1.
        
        Henry Clerval: he was Victor’s friend, he was a determined person but the he was killed by the monster. Presented in Chapter 2
        
        Robert Walton: He is the captain of the ship in mission to North Pole, He is the writers of the Victor’s story on many letters to her sister. Presented in Letter I
        
        NATURE wild, dangerous, sublime. It varies with the events and the emotions of characters (romantic tradition)
        
        ROMANTIC NOVEL:
        Nature is a source of inspiration, and it is linked to emotions
        Romantic passion for the supernatural and mysterious
        It must be understood by everybody --> easy stile
        
        LIGHT'S CHARACTERS
        
        Elizabeth and Henry: Counterpoints of Victor, friendship
        
        DARKNESS' CHARACTERS
        
        The creature: create by Victor (as God created Adam), it was good but with human's reject and Victor's action it became bad, Victor's reaction when he saw the creature was exagerated: romantic's theme
        
        Victor: too curious: Insane, he is obsessed by discovering the immortality, he committed the crime of pride and scientific responsability
        
        1 more item...
        
        AUTHOR
        Her father was a philosopher and political writer and her mother was a feminist (as Mary) who died after Mary’s birth. She was never accepted by his father's new family
        He wrote Frankenstein because she was in Switzerland with his husband, Jane Clairmont, Lord Byron and John Polidori and one rainy day they read a book of ghost so Lord Byron suggested that they all should try their hand at writing their own horror story so Mary worked on Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus.
        Her career was influenced by tragedies: her sister committed suicide. The union with Percy that was riddled with adultery and heartache as the death of two of their children. And then her husband drowned in the Gulf of Spezia.
        
        PLOT
        Frankenstein tells of Robert Walton who leaves for the North Pole writing letters to his sister and then meets Victor Frankenstein who tells him his story: he was born from a Swiss family and was obsessed with giving life to inanimate matter so he creates a monster that came to life. The monster was not as Victor thought and rejected by all humans so he swears revenge. A series of wrongs began between the monster and Victor which led to the deaths of many loved ones to Victor and other people. After the killing of Victor's sister Elizabeth, Victor followed the monster to the north pole where he met Walton. Victor later dies and the monster decides to kill himself.
        
        SETTING
        
        Time: 1700s
        
        Place: Mainly the book is setted in Switzerland, but also in Germany, France, England, Scotland, North Pole.
        
        NARRATIVE MODES
        Narration, letters, description dialogs
        The mainly point of view is Victor's, but it can shift between other charachters:
        
        THEME
        
        the revenge (as example when Victor destroys the female creature destined for the monster and as a result the monster kills Elizabeth)
        
        discriminations (the discriminations that the creature undergoes because of its physical aspect)
        
        the creation
        
        relationships between members of the family
        
        scientist responsability: how scientist use his knowledge
        
        The real monster: we can say that the real monster is Victor because he thought he could be god
        
        MYTH OF PROMETHEUS: Zeus created all the universe. Proetheus wanted to give humanity the fire, therefore the knowledge so he stole Zeus' fire and give it to humanity, then he was punished.
        
        10 WORDS ACCORDING TO LUCA CORVI NIGHTMARE: there are many situations, such as the killings of victor's sister which are comparable to nightmares viewed from Victor's point of view, Mary Shelley's life
        FAMILY: because if Victor had good relationships he wouldn't get mad, trickly relationships in Shelley's family
        SCIENCE: because the monster is created by following scientific rules
        CREATURE: because one of the two mainly characters is the creature and the story is based on it
        PROMETHEUS: because we can compare the creation of the creature with the myth of Prometheus
        SENSES: I think because the creature is able to perceive the hate of humans towards it
        LETTERS: because Frankenstein has a diary,where the story is written in letters to switch from countries, to permit people to communicate and to give us a sense of realism.
        TRAVEL: because Victor and the creature travel a lot in this book
        LIGHT: metaphor between the light and the birth of the creature
        IMMORTAL: Because one of the themes of the book is the return to life
        
        SCIENCE:
        Galvanism: muscle's contraction stimolated by an electric current
        Luigi Galvani was an Italian physician, biologist and philosopher. He discovered animal electricity seeing that the muscles of dead frogs' legs twitched when struck by an electrical spark
        Cornelius Agrippa: He was a German polymath, physician, and occult writer who is considered one of the most influential occultists of the early modern period
        Paracelsus – He was a German-Swiss physician and alchemist who established the role of chemistry in medicine, father of toxicology
        Albertus Magnus – He was a German Catholic Dominican bishop who was canonised. He was an alchimist (alchemy is based on the trasformation between base metals to noble metals), responsible of finding of philospher stone
        Philosopher stone: a substance to achieving rejuvenation and immortality ---> elixir of life
        
        GOTHIC NOVEL
        
        ELEMENTS
        
        emotions
        
        sense of suspance
        
        supernatural elements
        
        CHARACTERS (horror's antiheroes): vampires, maniacs, persecuted people, ghosts, criminals
        
        SETTING: castles, churchees, graveyeards
        
        PLOT: eternal battle between god and devil, mistery which must be solved, there is an antihero against supernatural forces
        
        FRANKENSTEIN:
        Gothic elements: anti-hero = the creature, maniac = Victor, supernatural elements
        Non-gothic elements: setting
  - - - Summer and then during the school year
    - - Durley's house, The burrow, Hogwarts
- - - - Introduced directly in 4th chapter.
        
        Vain, impostor, narcissist, individual, unable to take things seriously, clumsy, comic, coward, not a brilliant wizard.
        
        Professor about defence against the dark arts.
        
        Flat character: he seems brave and strong but in reality he's an impostor.
    - - Introduced directly in the last chapter but he is named when Harry finds his diary.
        
        Very brilliant student, evil nature, carismatic, manipulator and nothing can stop him.
        
        Lord Voldemort. He adopted this name after school. Muggle-born so he hates his father and all the muggle.
        
        Flat character because he wants to kill Harry throughout the story.
    - - Introduced directly in 4th chapter
        
        Draco's father. Friend of Voldemort
        
        Flat character
    - - Introduced indirectly in 3rd chapter at The Burrow
        
        Short, plump, kind-faced
        
        He likes muggles so he works in the museum of muggle artefacts
        
        Flat character because he's always kind to Harry.
    - - Introduced directly in 2nd chapter
        
        House-elf
        
        Loyal friend
        
        At first it looks like he wants to fool harry but then we find out that he was triyng to save Harry's life. He represents the intolerance and prejudice spread out all over the wizarding world. Only Harry threats him like a person of equal value
        
        Flat: he is always loyal with his padron .
  - - - Introduced directly in 3rd chapter
        
        Red-haired
        
        Loyal, not brave but when a friend is in danger he overcomes his fears, impulsive, moody, saracstic
        
        He lives with his family.
        
        He grew throught the story because he became more sincere, mature
    - - Introduced directly in 4th chapter
        
        Strong moral compass: rules. Smart, loyal, anxoius, polite.
        
        She fight all prejudices against the muggles
        
        She grows throught the story because first she was selfish, then she became more confident, friendly and loyal
      - EMMA WATSON: she says that there are 3 goals to achieve:
        
        FIGHT AGAINST GLOBAL INEQUALITY
        
        FIGHT AGAINST EXTREME POVERTY
        
        RESPECT OUR PLANET
    - - Introduced indirectly in 1st chapter
        
        Skinny boy, round glasses, scar on the forhead.
        
        Loyal, adventurous, kind, able to focus in important things, often he disregards rules, never ruled by fear
        
        He grew throught the hystory. He found his own personality.
        
        Harry is twelve. He survived Voldemort's attack. He attends at Hogwarts. His best friends are Ron and Hermione.
- - - - Defoe: realistic novel
        
        Swift: satirical novel
        
        Richardson: "Pamela", a novel of letters
        
        Fielding: novel full of humor and satire
        
        Sterne: experimented with the novel
      - Spokesman of the middle class
        
        Founder: Defoe
    - - Be understood by everyone
        
        Realism both of the life that is told and of how it is presented
        
        Speed and copiousness
    - - TIME: events are in chronological order and times are specifics
      - PLACE: very detailed with specific names
    - - Sense of reward and punishement (for example PURITAN's ethic)
        
        Belief in reason and in own abilities
        
        PURITANS
        
        Extreme protestants of the church of England
        
        They wanted to purify the church by eliminating catholics
        
        They wanted the balance between King and Parlament power
        
        Doctrines and structure of the church must be reformed
        
        RELIGIOUS IDEAS: salvation depends on God, the Bible is a guide to life, acts of mercy are very important
    - - Ordinary people of the middle class
        
        Contemporaney names and surnames
        
        They struggle for survival or social succes
      - HERO:
        
        Self-made and self-reliant man
        
        Mouthpiece of the author
        
        The reader sympathise with him
  - - - COFEE-HOUSES: attended by artistic people, place where people exchange ideas, news. (it evovlves journalism)Frequented by men
- - - - JAMES II (1685-1688)
        
        GEORGE I (1714-1727)
        
        GEORGE II (1727-1760)
        
        He relied on Prime Minister (Walpole and then Pitt) to govern his country
        
        Austrian War of succession: no advanteges for England
        
        Seven Year's war: more control on North America and India
        
        Unpopular king
        
        Prime minister Walpole (Whigh) acquired his powers: financial stability
        
        Catholic
        
        Wanted to restabilish Catholicism but William d'Orange opposed him
        
        GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (blodnessless): William d'Orange landed with an army in Devon against the king , then William and his wife Mary II became monarchs. Their reign was characterized by economic progress
        
        Bill of rights (1629): prevented the king from raising taxes and keeping an army without the agreement of Parliament
        
        Toleraton Act (1689): more religious tolerance
        
        Act of Settlement (1701): future monarchs must be members of the church of England
        
        Act of Union (1707): during Anne's reign, abolished the Scottish Parliament and gave the Scots a portion of the seats at Westminster
        
        First political parties in Britain:
        
        Whighs: Parlamentarians, supported by wealthy and commercial classes, fought for commercial developement and religious toleration
        
        Tories: royalist, supported by the church of England, fought for the divine right of the king
      - Able to steer the country through the struggle beetween Anglicans and Catholics
        
        Bubonic plague, the Great Fire that destroyed London. (Puritans think that they were a God punishement)
        
        Restauration age: the king was restored to the throne with the reintroduction of the Commonwealth.
    - - It change with the advent of Enlightenment
        
        Women became more important in the society
        
        Novelist sometimes put women in their stories as heroines, however, women were not considered independent. Their marriage was considered their sole purpose
        
        Behn was the first woman that earned he living as author
      - GENDER EQUALITY
        
        I think that there isn't much gender equality in my city because there are more men than women in the state employment positions in my city.
        
        AGENDA 2030: The Sustainable Development Goalsare a collection of 17 interlinked goals.They were set in 2015 by the United Nations intended to be achieved by the year 2030. One of this goals is: REDUCING INEQUALITY
        
        MALALA
        
        She was born in Pakistan in 1997.
        
        Her father was a teacher who ran a girls’ school in her village. But when the Taliban took control of our town she was forced to leave school
        
        In 2012 she spoke out publicly about girls and their rights so on the school bus a man shot her on the left side of her head.
        
        In 2014 she established Malala Fund, a charity dedicated to giving every girl an opportunity to achieve a future she chooses so she received the Nobel Peace Prize
        
        In 2018 she began studying at the University of Oxford and in 2020 she graduated
        
        MALALA FUND: invests in education advocates and activists who are challenging the policies and practices that prevent girls from going to school in their communities. It supports in Afghanistan, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Pakistan and Turkey.
        
        She thinks that improve access to education for girls is an investment in economic growth and in the future of our planet.
  - - - The truth of scientific works had been veriified through experiment and not by authority
        
        Isaac Newton: He did experiments about force of gravity