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Fluids and Minerals Required for Oral Soft Tissues and Salivary Glands -…
Fluids and Minerals Required for Oral Soft Tissues and Salivary Glands
Fulids
Water is the most abundant fluid in the body
at birth, water is approx 75-80% of body weigh. By adult age, water is approx. 50-60% of body weight
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is all the fluid within cells (chiefly muscle tissue)
Extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of fluid outside the cells, including fluid in plasma and lymph and the interstitial fluid that fills the space between cells
Water has several important physiologic roles:
it acts as a solvent (fluid in which substances are dissolved) , enabling chemical reactions to occur by entering into reactions
it maintains stability of all body fluids
enables transport of nutrients to cells and provids a medium for excretion of waste products
it acts as a lubricant between cells to permit movement without friction
regulates body temperature by evaporating as perspiration from skin and vapor from the mouth and nose
Requirements and Regulation
fluid requirements are based on experimentally derived intake levels that are expected to meet nutritional needs of a healthy population
AI for total fluid (beverages , water, and food) for men is 3.7L/day, for women is 2.7L/day
Overconsumption and underconsumption of fluids can occur over short periods.
Water is lost by a variety of ways :
urination
perspiration
expiration
defecation
Absorption
No digestion is necesary for water absorption; it is transported esaily in both direction across the intestinal mucosa by osmosis
within an hour , 1L can be absorbed from the small intestine. Normally all fluid is absorbed with a small amount excreted in feces
Osmoreceptors are neurons in the hypothalamus sensitive to changes in serum osmolality levles
Coffees and Teas
Coffee is the number one beverage consumed at home
both coffee and tea, without added sugars, contain negligible calories, vitamins, or minerals
In addition to caffeine, they both contain valuable polyphenols, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds
Soft Drinks
sugar - sweetened beverages constitute 47% of added sugar intake, with soft drinks being the highest contributor
Energy Drinks
introduced in the US in 1997, sales of energy drinks have more than doubled in the past 5 years
marketed as an ergogenic (enhance physical performance, stamina, or recovery)
several energy drinks have been linked to unexpected deaths
Dental Errosion
many sports and energy drinks have a pH level in the acidic range, which is associated with enamel demineralization
damage to tooth enamel is evident after just 5 days of exposure to sports or energy drinks
Prolonged inadequate fluid intake can result in FVD
dehydration also leads to weight loss but adverse influences vognitieve function and motor control
hypodipsia ( diminished thirst)
decreased food and fluid intake can result fromillness, ementia, anorexia, nausea, or fatigue
can cause the inability to obtain water, active the thirst mechanism, swallow
longitudinal fissures
slits or wringkels that extend lengthwise on the tongue
Hyper and Hypo States
regulation of fluid intake and excretion by the kidneys usually maintain fluid balance in the body despite a wide range of intake
imbalances may occur... Fluid volume excess is the relatively equal gain of water and sodium in relation to their losses
Fluid volume deficiency results from relatively equal losses of sodium and water
Electrolytes
compound or ions that dissociate in solution
they are also known as cations if they have a positive charege and
anions if they are negatively charged
Sodium
the important physiologic roles of sodium include:
maintaining normal ECF, regulating acid-base balance, facilitating impulse transmission in nerve and muscle fibers
Chloride
primary anion connected with sodijm in ECF to help maintain ECF balance , osmotic equilibrium, and electrolyte balance
Potassium
-maintains cellular concentraion, directly affects muscle contractiion and electrical conductivity of the heart , facilitates transmission of nerve impulses, regulated acid-base balance
Iron
every cell contians iron, iron is a major component of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues, including both the oral soft and hard tissues