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Modern State-Nation System
Nation-state
a state that identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as sovereign entity for a country as a sovereign territorial unit.
State
Is a political and geopolitical entity.
Nation
a cultural and/or ethnic entity.
History and Origiins
A major theoretical issue is: “Which came first—the nation or the nation state?” For nationalists themselves, the answer is that the nation existed first, nationalist movements arose to present its legitimate demand for sovereignty, and the nation-state met that demand.
Some “modernization theories” of nationalism see the national identity largely as a product of government policy, to unify and modernize an already existing state.
In France, Eric Hobsbawn argues that French State preceded the formation of the French people.
Hobsbawn considers that the State made the French nation, and not French nationalism, which emerged at the end of the 19th century.
The French State promoted the unification of various dialects and languages into the French language.
The introduction of conscription and the Third Republic’s 1880s laws on public instruction, facilitated the creation of national identity, under this theory.
Westphalian Sovereignty
the concept of nation-state sovereignty based on two things: territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures.
Two destructive wars were the major triggers behind signing the eventual Peace of Westphalia:
The Thirty Years’ War in the Holy Roman Empire
the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch Republic.
Peace of Westphalia
all parties would recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 in which such treaty dictates that: Christians of non-dominant denominations were guaranteed the rights to practice their faith; and the exclusive sovereignty of each party over its lands, people, and agents abroad must be recognized.
established the precedent of peace reached by diplomatic congress and a new system of political order in Europe based upon the concept of co-existing sovereign states.
important in modern international relations theory and is often defined as the beginning of the international system with which the discipline deals.
key principles
The principle of the sovereignty of states and the fundamental right of political determination.
The principle of (legal) equality between states. (internal sovereignty)
The principle of non-intervention of one state in the internal affairs of another state. (external sovereignty)
Globalization and Westphalian Sovereignty
During the 1980s and early 1990s, the emerging literature on globalization focused primarily on the erosion of interdependence sovereignty and Westphalian sovereignty.
The European Union concept of shared sovereignty is also somewhat contrary to historical views of Westphalian sovereignty, as it provides for external agents to interfere in nations' internal affairs.
In a 2008 article Phil Williams [1] links the rise of terrorism and other violent non-state actors (VNSA's), which pose a threat to the Westphalian sovereignty of the state, to globalization.
Characteristics of Nation-State
Monopoly of the legitimate use of force and judicial regulation.
Established permanent military force as a symbol of statehood.
Ensures national security.
Consolidates tax (raising and redistributive mechanism).
Established nation-wide communication infrastructures.
Sought to systematize a national or official language.
Raised literacy levels and created a national schooling system.
Promulgates a national identity.
Built up a diverse array of national, political, economic, and cultural institutions.
Sought to create elaborate welfare institutions, partly as means to promote and reinforce national solidarity. (ex. Public health provisions and social security)